tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33148715028394133172012-02-16T14:51:47.378-08:00ALL ABOUT EVERY TYPES OF DRUGS AND MEDICINE SYSTEMS USED WORLDWIDE.saeedhussainnoreply@blogger.comBlogger3771100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3314871502839413317.post-27840042958369806072013-06-21T19:53:00.000-07:002009-06-23T03:19:46.899-07:00<p><b>Allopathic medicine</b> and <b>allopathy</b> (from Greek <i>ἄλλος</i>, <i>állos</i>, other, different + <i>πάϑος</i>, <i>páthos</i>, suffering) are terms coined by Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy.<sup id="cite_ref-whorton_0-0" class="reference"><span></span></sup> It meant "other than the disease" and it was intended, among other things, to point out how traditional doctors used methods that had nothing to do with the symptoms created with the disease, which meant that these methods were harmful to the patients. Originally intended as a characterization of standard medicine in the early 19th century, these terms were rejected by mainstream physicians and quickly acquired negative overtones. During the 19th century it was used widely among irregular doctors as a pejorative term for regular doctors. In the United States the term "allopathic" has been used by persons not related to homeopathy,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span></span></sup>but it has never been accepted by the medical establishment, and is not a label that such individuals apply to themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span></span></sup></p> <p>In the United States, allopathic medicine can sometimes refer to the medical training that leads to the degree Doctor of Medicine rather than the degree Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, although this is uncommon. See comparison of MD and DO in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup></p> <p>Generally, allopathic medicine refers to "the broad category of medical practice that is sometimes called Western medicine, biomedicine, scientific medicine, or modern medicine"<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_6-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup>, with varying degrees of acceptance by medical professionals in different locales. In particular, the terms allopathic medicine and allopathy may be used for regular medicine in a context of traditional medicine such as Ayurveda<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></sup>, as well as in a context of <span class="mw-redirect">complementary and alternative medicine</span> such as homeopathy (see homeopathy and allopathy).</p><p> <span style="font-size:85%;"> <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Therapeutic Classification of Drugs is listed below.</span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Antidotes</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Blood and Blood Forming Organs</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Cardiovascular System</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Central Nervous System</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Dermatologicals</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Diagnostic Aids and Test Preps</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Endocrine System</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Gastrointestinal System</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Genito-urinary and Sex Hormones</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Infections</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Malignant Disease and Immunosuppression</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Misc</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Musculoskeletal System</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Nutrition and Solutions</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Parasitology</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Respiratory System</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Sensory Organs</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >Surgical Dressings</span></li></ul><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3314871502839413317-2784004295836980607?l=drugpedia.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>saeedhussainnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3314871502839413317.post-78789382547433980762011-04-28T04:16:00.000-07:002011-04-28T04:19:08.348-07:00<h3 align="CENTER">KEY</h3> Column 1=item no.; 2=Wade-Giles romanization; 3=Latin name; 4=English name <p>0001 [A chiao [ [Ass hide glue </p><p>0002 [A huang [ [Sulphur preparation </p><p>0003 [A la pai chiao [Acacia senegal [Gum arabic </p><p>0004 [A pien [Papaver somniferum [Opium </p><p>0004 [A fu yung [Papaver somniferum [Opium </p><p>0005 [A wei [Ferula assafoetida [Asafetida </p><p>0005a [Hsin chiang a wei [Ferula conocaula or Ferula sinkiangensis [Chinese asafetida </p><p>0006 [Ai [Artemisia vulgaris or Artemisia argyi [Common mugwort </p><p>0006 [Wu yüeh ai [Artemisia vulgaris or Artemisia argyi [Common mugwort </p><p>0007 [Ai fen [Blumea balsamifera [Powdered extract of blumea </p><p>0008 [Ai jung [Artemisia vulgaris or Artemisia argyi [Mugwort tender </p><p>0008 [Ai mien [Artemisia vulgaris or Artemisia argyi [Mugwort tender </p><p>0009 [Ai na hsiang [Blumea balsamifera [Extract of blumea </p><p>0010 [Ai t'iao [Artemisia vulgaris or Artemisia argyi [Mugwort shoot </p><p>0011 [Ai yeh [Artemisia vulgaris or Artemisia argyi [Mugwort leaf </p><p>0012 [Ai yu [Blumea balsamifera [Oil of blumea </p><p>0013 [Ai yu tzu [Ficus pumila [Jelly seed </p><p>0014 [An hsi hsiang [Styrax benzoin [Sumatra benzoin </p><p>0014 [An hsi hsiang [Styrax hypoglaucus or Styrax macrothyrsus or Styrax subniveus [Chinese benzoin </p><p>0014 [An hsi hsiang [Styrax tonkinensis [Siam benzoin </p><p>0015 [An yeh [Eucalyptus globulus [Eucalyptus </p><p>0016 [Cha jou [Crataegus pinnatifida or See Shan cha jou [Dried Hawthorn fruit </p><p>0017 [Cha ping [Crataegus pinnatifida [Hawthorn cake </p><p>0017 [Cha jou [Crataegus pinnatifida [Hawthorn cake </p><p>0017 [Shan cha ping [Crataegus pinnatifida [Hawthorn cake </p><p>0018 [Ch'a [Camellia sinensis [Tea </p><p>0018 [Ming [Camellia sinensis [Tea </p><p>0019 [Ch'a tzu ping [Camellia oleifera [Tea oil cake </p><p>0020 [Ch'a yeh [Camellia sinensis [Tea leaves </p><p>0021 [Ch'ai hu [Bupleurum falcatum or Bupleurum scorzoneraefolium [Hare's ear root </p><p>0021 [Ch'ai hu t'ou [Bupleurum falcatum or Bupleurum scorzoneraefolium [Hare's ear root </p><p>0021 [Ch'ai t'ou [Bupleurum falcatum or Bupleurum scorzoneraefolium [Hare's ear root </p><p>0021a [Pai ch'ai hu [Bupleurum chinense [Chinese Hare's Ear </p><p>0022 [Ch'ai p'i chang [Actinodaphne chinensis [Leopard camphor </p><p>0022 [Pao p'i chang [Actinodaphne chinensis [Leopard camphor </p><p>0023 [Ch'an ch'u kan [ [Dried toad </p><p>0024 [Ch'an hua [Cordyceps scotianus or Cordyceps sobolifera [Sclerotia of infested cicada </p><p>0025 [Ch'an kao [Litsea glutinosa [Pond spice </p><p>0026 [Ch'an shui [ [Exuviae of cicada </p><p>0026 [Ch'an t'ui [ [Exuviae of cicada </p><p>0026 [Ch'an t'o [ [Exuviae of cicada </p><p>0026 [Ch'an i [ [Exuviae of cicada </p><p>0027 [Ch'an su [ [Cake of toad skin secretion </p><p>0028 [Chang ch'ai [Cinnamomum camphora [Camphor tree twigs </p><p>0029 [Chang liu t'ou [Costus speciosus [Crape ginger </p><p>0029 [Pi hsiao chiang [Costus speciosus [Crape ginger </p><p>0030 [Chang mu [Cinnamomum camphora [Wood of camphor tree </p><p>0031 [Chang mu p'i [Cinnamomum camphora [Bark of camphor tree </p><p>0032 [Chang mu tzu [Cinnamomum camphora [Fruit and seed of camphor tree </p><p>0033 [Chang nao [Cinnamomum camphora [Camphor </p><p>0034 [Chang nao yu [Cinnamomum camphora [Camphor oil </p><p>0035 [Chang p'ien [Cinnamomum camphora [Refined camphor </p><p>0035 [Chang nao p'ien [Cinnamomum camphora [Refined camphor </p><p>0036 [Ch'ang ch'un hua [Cathatranthus roseus [Madagascar periwinkle </p><p>0037 [Ch'ang ch'un t'eng [Hedera helix [Common ivy </p><p>0037 [Ch'ang ch'un t'eng [Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis [Evergreen ivy </p><p>0038 [Ch'ang p'u [Acorus calamus [Sweetflag or Calamus </p><p>0039 [Ch'ang shan [Dichroa febrifuga or Orixa japonica [*Chinese quinine </p><p>0039 [Ch'ang shan yeh [Dichroa febrifuga or Oroxa japonica [*Chinese Quinine </p><p>0040 [Ch'ao wu [Polygonum multiflorum [Nimble will or Chinese cornbind </p><p>0040 [Ho shou wu [Polygonum multiflorum [Nimble will or Chinese cornbind </p><p>0041 [Che hsieh [Alisma plantago aquatica [Water plantain </p><p>0042 [Che ku ts'ai [Caloglossa leprieurii [*Caloglossa </p><p>0043 [Che lan [Eupatorium japonicum [*Eupatorium </p><p>0043 [P'e lan [Eupatorium japonicum [*Eupatorium </p><p>0044 [Che pei [Fritillaria thunbergii [Chekiang fritillary </p><p>0044 [Che pei mu [Fritillaria thunbergii [Chekiang fritillary </p><p>0045 [Che shih [ [Hematite </p><p>0045 [Tai che shih [ [Hematite </p><p>0046 [Ch'e ch'ien ts'ao [Plantago major or Plantago asiatica [Common plantain </p><p>0046 [Ch'ien kuan ts'ao [Plantago major or Plantago asiatica [Common plantain </p><p>0047 [Ch'e ch'ien tzu [Plantago major or Plantago asiatica [Seed of plantain </p><p>0048 [Chen chu [ [Pearls </p><p>0049 [Chen chu mu [ [Mother of pearl </p><p>0049 [Chen chu p'ei [ [Mother of pearl </p><p>0050 [Chen chu ts'ao [Phyllanthus urinaria [Phyllanthus </p><p>0051 [Chen jen [Corylus heterophylla [Hazelnuts </p><p>0051 [Chen tzu [Corylus heterophylla [Hazelnuts </p><p>0052 [Chen hsiang [Aquilaria agallocha [Aloeswood or Agaru (Sanskrit) </p><p>0052 [Mi hsiang [Aquilaria agallocha [Aloeswood or Agaru (Sanskrit) </p><p>0053 [Ch'en p'i [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange peel </p><p>0053 [Kuo pi' [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange peel </p><p>0054 [Ch'en p'i kao [Citrus reticulata [Tangerine peel paste </p><p>0054 [Chih ch'en p'i [Citrus reticulata [Tangerine peel paste </p><p>0055 [Ch'en sha [ [High grade cinnabar </p><p>0056 [Ch'en tsung t'an [Trachycarpus fortunei [Chinese palm petiole fiber charred </p><p>0057 [Ch'eng ch'ieh [Piper cubeba [Cubeb </p><p>0058 [Ch'eng liu [Tamarix chinensis [Tamarisk </p><p>0058 [Kuan vin liu [Tamarix chinensis [Tamarisk </p><p>0059 [Ch'eng t'ung [Clerodendrum kaempferi [Pagoda flower </p><p>0060 [Chi ch'ang feng [Morinda officinalis [*Morinda root </p><p>0061 [Chi chao san chi [Kalanchoe laciniata [Kalanchoe </p><p>0062 [Chi chi [Chloranthus serratus [*Serrate leaved chloranthus </p><p>0063 [Chi chih [ [Mixture of ginger and garlic juice </p><p>0065 [Chi hsing tzu [Impatiens blasamina [Garden balsam or touch me not </p><p>0065 [Chi hsing [Impatiens balsamina [Garden balsam or touch me not </p><p>0065 [Feng hsien tzu [Impatiens balsamina [Garden balsam or touch me not </p><p>0065 [Chü hsing tzu [Impatiens balsamina [Garden balsam or touch me not </p><p>0066 [Chi hsüeh t'eng [Millettia reticulata or Millettia dielsiana [Millettia </p><p>0066 [Chi hsüeh t'eng [Spatholobus suberectus [Spatholobus </p><p>0067 [Chi hua [Loropetalum chinense [Strap flower </p><p>0067 [Chih mo hua [Loropetalum chinense [Strap flower </p><p>0068 [Chi jou [Morinda officinalis [Morinda root </p><p>0068 [Chi ch'ang feng [Morinda officinalis [Morinda root </p><p>0069 [Chi ku hsiang [Croton crassifolius [Thick leaved croton root </p><p>0070 [Chi ku ts'ao [Abrus cantoniensis [Chinese prayer beads </p><p>0071 [Chi kuan hua [Celosia cristata [Cockscomb </p><p>0071 [Chia kuan [Celosia cristata [Cockscomb </p><p>0072 [Chi li [Tribulus terrestris [Caltrop </p><p>0072 [Pai chi li [Tribulus terrestris [Caltrop </p><p>0072 [Tz'u chi li [Tribulus terrestris [Caltrop </p><p>0073 [Chi lien [See Huang lien [ </p><p>0074 [Chi nei chin [ [Lining of chicken gizzard </p><p>0074 [Chi chun p'i [ [Lining of chicken gizzard </p><p>0074 [Nei chin [ [Lining of chicken gizzard </p><p>0075 [Chi nu [Artemisia anomala [*Large leaved artesimia </p><p>0075 [Liu chi nu [Artemisia anomala [Large leaved artesimia </p><p>0076 [Chi sheng [Viscum coloratum or See Sang chi sheng [Red fruit mistletoe </p><p>0076 [Pai chi sheng [Viscum coloratum or See Sang chi sheng [Red fruit mistletoe </p><p>0076 [Hu chi sheng [Viscum coloratum or See Sang chi sheng [Red fruit mistletoe </p><p>0077 [Chi shih t'eng [Paederia scandens [Chicken dung creeper </p><p>0078 [Chi ts'ai [Capsella bursa pastoris [Shepherd's purse </p><p>0078 [Hsiang chi ts'ai [Capsella bursa pastoris [Shepherd's purse </p><p>0079 [Chi yen ts'ao [Kummerowia striata [Chicken dung creeper </p><p>0080 [Ch'i ai [Crossostephium chinense [*Crossostephium </p><p>0080 [Fu jung chü [Crossostephium chinense [*Crossostephium </p><p>0081 [Ch'i chih chüeh [Helminthostachys zeylanica [*Helminthostachys </p><p>0082 [Ch'i huang ts'ao [Plectranthus striatus [*Plectranthus </p><p>0083 [Ch'i kan [Rhus verniciflua [Varnish tree dried varnish </p><p>0083 [Kan ch'i [Rhus verniciflua [Varnish tree dried varnish </p><p>0084 [Ch'i li hsiang [Murraya paniculata [Orange jasmine </p><p>0084 [Chiu li hsiang [Murraya paniculata [Orange jasmine </p><p>0085 [Ch'i she [ [Dried venomous snake from hupeh </p><p>0085 [She kan [ [Dried venomous snake from hupeh </p><p>0085 [Pe pu she [ [Dried venomous snake from hupeh </p><p>0086 [Ch'i shih [ [Actinolite </p><p>0086 [Yang ch'i shih [ [Actinolite </p><p>0087 [Ch'i ta ku [Glochidion eriocarpum [Red fruited glochidion </p><p>0087 [Ch'i ku ch'a [Glochidion eriocarpum [Red fruited glochidion </p><p>0088 [Ch'i ts'ai [Houttuynia cordata [Fish smell herb </p><p>0088 [Yu hsing ts'ao [Houttuynia cordata [Fish smell herb </p><p>0089 [Ch'i ts'ao [ [Grubs of june beetle </p><p>0089 [T'u ts'an [ [Grubs of June Beetle </p><p>0090 [Ch'i tzu [See Kou ch'i tzu [ </p><p>0091 [Ch'i yeh i chih hua [Paria polyphylla [*Paris </p><p>0092 [Ch'i yeh lien [Schefflera arboricola [*Taiwan schefflera </p><p>0092 [Ch'i chia p'i [Schefflera arboricola [*Taiwan schefflera </p><p>0093 [Chia chu t'ao [Nerium indicum [Oleander </p><p>0094 [Chia chü [Piper sarmentosum [Wild pepper </p><p>0094 [Pi pa tzu [Piper sarmentosum [Wild pepper </p><p>0095 [Chia fei [Coffea arabica [Coffee bean </p><p>0096 [Chia p'i [Eleutherococcus senticosus or See Wu chia p'i [Eleuthero </p><p>0096 [Tz'u wu chia p'i [Eleutherococcus senticosus or See Wu chia p'i [Eleuthero </p><p>0097 [Chia p'ien [See Ch'uan shan chia pien [ </p><p>0098 [Chiai tzu [Brassica juncea [Mustard seed </p><p>0099 [Chiai tzu [Brassica hirta [Mustard seed </p><p>0099 [Pai chiai tzu [Brassica hirta [Mustard seed </p><p>0100 [Chiang [Zingiber officinale [Ginger fresh or dry </p><p>0100 [Sheng chiang [Zingiber officinale [Ginger fresh or dry </p><p>0100 [Kan chiang [Zingiber officinale [Ginger fresh or dry </p><p>0101 [Chiang ch'ung [ [Dried sick silkworm </p><p>0101 [Chiang ts'an [ [Dried sick silkworm </p><p>0102 [Chiang hsiang [Dalbergia sisso or Dalbergia odorifera or Dalbergia parviflora [*Scented Rosewood </p><p>0102 [Chiang chen hsiang [Dalbergia sisso or Dalbergia odorifera or Dalbergia parviflora [*Scented Rosewood </p><p>0103 [Chiang huang [Curcuma domestica [Turmeric </p><p>0103 [Huang chiang [Curcuma domestica [Turmeric </p><p>0104 [Chiang p'i [Zingiber officinale [Ginger skin </p><p>0105 [Chiang san ch'i [Stahlianthus thorelii or Camptandra yunnanensis [*Ginger sanchi </p><p>0106 [Chiang ts'an [See Chiang ch'ung [ </p><p>0107 [Chiang tzu [Croton tiglium [Croton seed </p><p>0108 [Chiang yu [Zingiber officinale [Ginger oil </p><p>0109 [Ch'iang huo [Notopterygium incisium [*Chianghuo </p><p>0109 [Ch'uan ch'iang [Notopterygium incisium [*Chianghuo </p><p>0110 [Ch'iang lang [ [Dung beetle </p><p>0110 [Shih k'o lang [ [Dung beetle </p><p>0111 [Ch'iang wei hua [Rosa multiflora [Seven sisters rose </p><p>0112 [Chiao pai tzu [Zizania canduciflora [Wild rice </p><p>0113 [Chiao t'ou [Musa basjoo [Banana stump </p><p>0113 [Pa chiao ken [Musa basjoo [Banana stump </p><p>0114 [Chiao tz'u p'ien [See Tsao chiao tz'u [ </p><p>0115 [Ch'iao kan [Allium chinense [*Chinese chive bulbs </p><p>0115 [Hsieh pai [Allium chinense [*Chinese chive bulbs </p><p>0116 [Ch'iao mai [Fagopyrum esculentum [Buckwheat </p><p>0116 [San chiao mai [Fagopyrum esculentum [Buckwheat </p><p>0117 [Ch'iao mai ch'i [Polygonum amplexicaule [*Amplexicaul knotweed </p><p>0117 [Chi hsüeh ch'i [Polygonum amplexicaule [*Amplexicaul knotweed </p><p>0117 [Wu kung ch'i [Polygonum amplexicaule [*Amplexicaul knotweed </p><p>0118 [Chieh hung [Citrus erythrocarpa [Red tangerine </p><p>0118 [Chü hung [Citrus erythrocarpa [Red tangerine </p><p>0119 [Chieh keng [Platycodon grandiflorum [Balloon flower </p><p>0120 [Chieh ku mu [Sambucus williamsii or Sambucus racemosa [Asiatic elder </p><p>0121 [Chieh lo [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange vascular bundle </p><p>0121 [Chieh pai [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange vascular bundle </p><p>0122 [Chieh p'i [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange peel </p><p>0123 [Chieh yeh [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange twig </p><p>0124 [Ch'ieh [Solanum melongena [Egg plant </p><p>0124 [Ch'ieh chih [Solanum melongena [Egg plant branch </p><p>0124 [Ch'ieh ken [Solanum melongena [Egg plant root </p><p>0124 [Ch'ieh p'i [Solanum melongena [Egg plant peel </p><p>0125 [Chien chih [Gardenia jasminoides [Gardenia fruit from fukien </p><p>0126 [Chien ch'ü [Monascus purpureus or See Shen ch'ü [*Red yeast from fukien </p><p>0127 [Chien ch'un lo [Lychnis coronata [Mullein pink </p><p>0128 [Chien chün [See Shih chün tzu [ </p><p>0129 [Chien hsieh [Alisma plantago aquatica [Water plantain from fukien </p><p>0130 [Chien hsüeh feng hou [Antiaris toxicaria [*Antiaris </p><p>0131 [Chien hua [Tussilago farfara [*Tussilago best quality </p><p>0131 [K'uan tung hua [Tussilago farfara [*Tussilago best quality </p><p>0132 [Chien shan yao [Dioscorea opposita [Yam from fukien </p><p>0132 [Chien shan [Dioscorea opposita [Yam from fukien </p><p>0133 [Chien shui [ [Lye or potash </p><p>0134 [Chien ti ku [Lycium chinense [Matrimony vine bark of root best quality </p><p>0134 [Kou ch'i p'ien [Lycium chinense [Matrimony vine bark of root best quality </p><p>0135 [Chien wei feng [Callicarpa longissima [*Long leaved callicarpa </p><p>0136 [Ch'ien chang chih [Oroxylum indicum [Tree of damocles </p><p>0136 [Mu hu tieh [Oroxylum indicum [Tree of damocles </p><p>0137 [Ch'ien chin pa [Moghania philippinensis [*Small leaved moghania </p><p>0137 [Chin niu wei [Moghania philippinensis [*Small leaved moghania </p><p>0138 [Ch'ien chin t'eng [Stephania japonica or Stephania hernandifolia [*Stephania </p><p>0139 [Ch'ien chin tzu [Euphorbia lathyris [*Lathyrol spurge </p><p>0139 [Hsü sui tzu [Euphorbia lathyris [*Lathyrol spurge </p><p>0140 [Ch'ien hu [Peucedanum praeruptorum [*Peucedanum or masterwort </p><p>0141 [Ch'ien jih hung [Gomphrena globosa [Globe amaranth </p><p>0142 [Ch'ien ken [See Ch'ien ts'ao [ </p><p>0143 [Ch'ien li kuang [Senecio scandens [Ragwort </p><p>0144 [Ch'ien nien chien [Homalomena occulta [*Homalomena </p><p>0145 [Ch'ien niu tzu [Ipomoea nil or Pharbitis nil [Morning glory </p><p>0146 [Ch'ien shih [Euryale ferox [*Euryale </p><p>0146 [Tz'u shih [Euryale ferox [*Euryale </p><p>0147 [Ch'ien ta ch'iu [Lindera chunii [Chun's allspice </p><p>0148 [Ch'ien ts'ao [Rubia cordifolia [Madder </p><p>0148 [Ch'ien ken [Rubia cordifolia [Madder </p><p>0148 [Hsüeh chien ch'ou [Rubia cordifolia [Madder </p><p>0148 [Ch'ien ts'ao ken [Rubia cordifolia [Madder </p><p>0149 [Ch'ien ts'eng chih [ [Pink speckled mica </p><p>0150 [Ch'ien ts'eng lou [Hypericum perforatum [*Perfoliate St. Johnswort </p><p>0150 [Kuan yeh lien ch'iao [Hypericum perforatum [*Perfoliate St. Johnswort </p><p>0151 [Chih ch'en p'i [ [Preserved peel of citrus </p><p>0152 [Chih chü [Hovenia dulcis [Japanese raisin tree </p><p>0152 [Chih chü tzu [Hovenia dulcis [Japanese raisin tree </p><p>0152 [Wan tzu kuo [Hovenia dulcis [Japanese raisin tree </p><p>0153 [Chih ho [See Li chih ho [ </p><p>0154 [Chih k'o [Citrus aurantium or Citrus wilsonii or Poncirus trifoliata [Peel of various citrus fruit </p><p>0155 [Chih mu [Anemarrhena asphodeloides [*Anemarrhena </p><p>0155 [Chu mu [Anemarrhena asphodeloides [*Anemarrhena </p><p>0156 [Chih shih [Poncirus trifoliata [*Poncirus </p><p>0157 [Chih tzu [Gardenia jasminoides [Gardenia </p><p>0157 [Chih tzu ken [Gardenia jasminoides [Gardenia root </p><p>0157 [Chih tzu t'ou [Gardenia jasminoides [Gardenia root </p><p>0158 [Ch'ih hsiao tou [Phaseolus calcaratus [Small red bean </p><p>0158 [Hsiao hung tou [Phaseolus calcaratus [Small red bean </p><p>0159 [Ch'ih shao [Paeonia lactiflora or Paeonia obovata or Paeonia veitchii [Peony root </p><p>0159 [Ching shao [Paeonia lactiflora or Paeonia obovata or Paeonia veitchii [Peony root </p><p>0160 [Ch'ih shih chih [ [Halloysite </p><p>0160 [Shih chih [ [Halloysite </p><p>0161 [Chin ch'ai [Dendrobium nobile [*Dendrobium </p><p>0161 [Chin ch'ai hu [Dendrobium nobile [*Dendrobium </p><p>0162 [Chin ch'an hua [ [Cicada with fungus growth </p><p>0163 [Chin chi chao [Angelica citriodora [*Citrus scented angelica </p><p>0163 [Hsiang pai chih [Angelica citriodora [*Citrus scented angelica </p><p>0163 [Chi chao shen [Angelica citriodora [*Citrus scented angelica </p><p>0164 [Chin chi erh [Caragana sinica [*Chinese caragana </p><p>0165 [Chin chieh kan [Fortunella margarita [Kumquat dried </p><p>0165 [Chin chü kan [Fortunella margarita [Kumquat dried </p><p>0166 [Chin ch'ien sung p'i [Pseudolarix amabilis [Golden larch </p><p>0167 [Chin ch'ien ts'ao [Desmodium styracifolium [*Coin leaved desmodium </p><p>0168 [Chin chih [ [Old liquid manure </p><p>0169 [Chin chi na p'i [Cinchona officinalis or Cinchona calisaya [Cinchona bark </p><p>0170 [Chin ching shih [ [Vermiculite </p><p>0170 [Shui chin yün mu [ [Vermiculite </p><p>0171 [Chin chu ts'ai [Lysimachia clethroides [*Summer sweet lysimachia </p><p>0172 [Chin chü kan [Fortunella margarita [Kumquat dried </p><p>0173 [Chin erh huan [Asarum gracilipes or Asarum insigne or Asarum longepedunculatum [Golden ear ring </p><p>0174 [Chin fa ts'ao [Pogonatherum paniceum [Golden hair grass </p><p>0174 [Chin ssu ts'ao [Pogonatherum paniceum [Golden hair grass </p><p>0175 [Chin fu hua [See Hsüan fu hua [ </p><p>0176 [Chin hsien tiao wu kuei [Stephania cepharantha [*Stephania </p><p>0177 [Chin hsien ts'ao [Antenoron neofiliforme [Jumpseed </p><p>0178 [Chin hua ts'ao [Stenoloma chusana [Lace fern </p><p>0178 [K'ung ch'ueh wei [Stenoloma chusana [Lace fern </p><p>0179 [Chin kang t'eng [Similax china [Chinese greenbrier </p><p>0180 [Chin kuo lan [Tinospora capillipes [*Tinospora </p><p>0180 [Chin ku lan [Tinospora capillipes [*Tinospora </p><p>0180 [Chin ku yüan [Tinospora capillipes [*Tinospora </p><p>0181 [Chin lien hua [Trollius chinensis [*Trollius </p><p>0182 [Chin mao kou chi [Cibotium barometz [Lamb of Tartary </p><p>0183 [Chin niu [Polygala telephioides [*Lesser polygala </p><p>0183 [Niu ts'ao [Polygala telephioides [*Lesser polygala </p><p>0183 [Chin niu ts'ao [Polygala telephioides [*Lesser polygala </p><p>0184 [Chin niu k'ou [Solanum torvun [Wild tomato </p><p>0184 [Shui ch'ieh [Solanum torvum [Wild tomato </p><p>0185 [Chin po [ [Gold leaf </p><p>0186 [Chin pu huan [Stephania sinica [Chinese stephania </p><p>0186 [Ta chin [Stephania sinica [Chinese stephania </p><p>0187 [Chin shih hu [Dendrobium linawianum [*Golden dendrobium </p><p>0187 [Chin hu [Dendrobium linawianum [*Golden dendrobium </p><p>0188 [Chin suo shih [Cocculus sarmentosus [Snail seed </p><p>0189 [Chin ti lo [Drosera burmannii [Sundew </p><p>0189 [Ti lo [Drosera burmannii [Sundew </p><p>0190 [Chin yin hua [Lonicera japonica [Honeysuckle </p><p>0190 [Mi yin hua [Lonicera japonica [Honeysuckle </p><p>0190 [Shan yin hua [Lonicera japonica [Honeysuckle </p><p>0190 [Yin hua [Lonicera japonica [Honeysuckle </p><p>0190 [Shuang hua [Lonicera japonica [Honeysuckle </p><p>0191 [Chin yin hua t'eng [Lonicera japonica [Honeysuckle </p><p>0191 [Chin yin t'eng [Lonicera japonica [Honeysuckle </p><p>0191 [Chin yin hua yeh [Lonicera japonica [Honeysuckle </p><p>0191 [Chin yin ts'ao [Lonicera japonica [Honeysuckle </p><p>0192 [Chin ying jou [Rosa laevigata [Cherokee rose fruit </p><p>0192 [Chin ying tzu [Rosa laevigata [Cherokee rose fruit </p><p>0193 [Chin ying kao [Rosa laevigata [Extract of cherokee </p><p>0194 [Chin ying ken [Rosa laevigata [Root of cherokee rose </p><p>0194 [Ying ken [Rosa laevigata [Root of cherokee rose </p><p>0194 [Chin ying t'ou [Rose Laevigata [Root of cherokee rose </p><p>0195 [Chin ying tzu [Rosa laevigata [Fruit of cherokee rose </p><p>0196 [Ch'in chiao [Gentiana macrophylla or Gentiana dahurica [*Large leaved gentian </p><p>0196 [Ch'in chiao p'i [Gentiana macrophylla or Gentiana dahurica [*Large leaved gentian </p><p>0197 [Ch'in p'i [Fraxinus bungeana or Fraxinus rhynchophylla [Northern ash bark </p><p>0198 [Ching chiao [See O chiao [ </p><p>0199 [Ching chieh [Schizonepeta tenuifolia [*Chingchieh </p><p>0199 [Ching chieh sui [Shizonepeta tenuifolia [*Chingchieh </p><p>0199 [Ching chieh hua [Shizonepeta tenuifolia [*Chingchieh </p><p>0200 [Ching p'i [Kadsura peltigera [*Shield kadsura bark </p><p>0200 [Tzu ching p'i [Kadsura peltigera [*Shield kadsura bark </p><p>0201 [Ching san leng [Scirpus yagara [Bullrush </p><p>0202 [Ching shao [See Ch'ih shao [ </p><p>0203 [Ching ta chi [Euphorbia pekinensis [Peking spurge </p><p>0203 [Lung ya ts'ao [Euphorbia pekinensis [Peking spurge </p><p>0204 [Ching t'ien san chi [Sedum aizoon [Alpine stonecrop </p><p>0205 [Ching tzu [Vitex trivolia [*Seashore vitex </p><p>0205 [Man ching tzu [Vitex trifolia [*Seashore vitex </p><p>0206 [Ch'ing chiao [ [Gelatin </p><p>0207 [Ch'ing chin shih [ [Brown mica </p><p>0208 [Ch'ing chin teng [Ventilago leiocarpa [*Ventilago </p><p>0209 [Ch'ing chü [Piper betle [Betel pepper </p><p>0210 [Ch'ing fan [ [Ferric ammonium sulphate </p><p>0211 [Ch'ing fen [ [Calomel </p><p>0212 [Ch'ing feng ch'en [Sinomenium acutum [*Sinomenium </p><p>0212 [Ch'ing feng yeh [Sinomenium acutum [*Sinomenium </p><p>0213 [Ch'ing hao [Artemisia apiacea [Wormwood </p><p>0214 [Ch'ing ho [Nelumbo nucifera [Sacred lotus </p><p>0214 [Ho yeh [Nelumbo nucifera [Sacred lotus </p><p>0215 [Ch'ing hsiang tzu [Celosia argentea [*Celosia </p><p>0215 [Ch'ing hsiang [Celosia argentea [*Celosia </p><p>0215 [Ch'ing hsien [Celosia argentea [*Celosia </p><p>0216 [Ch'ing hua [ [Indigo mold </p><p>0217 [Ch'ing lan [Dracocephalum ruyschiana [Dragon's head </p><p>0218 [Ch'ing meng shih [See Meng shih [ </p><p>0218 [Meng shih [See Meng shih [ </p><p>0218 [Ming shih [See Meng shih [ </p><p>0219 [Ch'ing mu hsiang [Aristolochia debilis [Birthworth root </p><p>0220 [Ch'ing niang tzu [ [Dried beanbeetle </p><p>0220 [Wan ch'ing [ [Dried beanbeetle </p><p>0221 [Ch'ing p'i [Citrus sinensis [Immature orange </p><p>0221 [Hsiao ch'ing p'i [Citrus sinensis [Immature orange </p><p>0221 [Ching p'i tzu [Citrus sinensis [Immature orange </p><p>0222 [Ch'ing tai [See 0222a or 0222b or 0222c or 0222d [Refuse of Indigo </p><p>0222a [Liao lan [Polygonum tinctorium [Refuse of Indigo </p><p>0222b [Ma lan [Baphicacanthus cusia [Refuse of Indigo </p><p>0222c [Mu lan [Indigofera tinctoria [Refuse of Indigo </p><p>0222d [Sung lan [Isatis tinctoria [Refuse of Indigo </p><p>0223 [Ch'ing teng [Sinomenium acutum [*Sinomenium </p><p>0224 [Ch'ing yeh tan [Swertia milensis [*Mile swertia </p><p>0225 [Ch'ing yen [ [Halite </p><p>0225 [Jung yen [ [Halite </p><p>0226 [Chiu chieh ch'a [Sarcandra glabra [*Sarcandra </p><p>0227 [Chiu chieh ch'ang pu [Anemone altaica [Altai anemone </p><p>0228 [Chiu hsiang ch'ung [ [Dry stinkbug </p><p>0229 [Chiu li hsiang [Murraya paniculata [Orange jasmine </p><p>0230 [Chiu li ming [Senecio scandens [Ragwort </p><p>0230 [Ch'ien li kuang [Senecio scandens [Ragwort </p><p>0231 [Chiu lung ken [Bauhinia championii [Champion's bauhinia </p><p>0232 [Chiu pi ying [Ilex rotunda [*Iron Holly </p><p>0232 [T'ieh tung ch'ing [Ilex rotunda [*Iron holly </p><p>0233 [Chiu ping liang [Pyracantha fortuneana [Firethorn </p><p>0234 [Chiu ts'ai tzu [Allium tuberosum [Chinese Leek </p><p>0234 [Chiu tzu [Allium tuberosum [Chinese leek </p><p>0235 [Chiu ts'eng t'a [Ocimum basilicum [Sweet basil </p><p>0235 [Hsiang ts'ao [Ocimum basilicum [Sweet basil </p><p>0235 [Lo le [Ocimum basilicum [Sweet basil </p><p>0236 [Ch'iu shih [ [Urine deposit preparation </p><p>0237 [Ch'iu yin [ [Dry earthworm </p><p>0237 [Ti lung [ [Dry earthworm </p><p>0238 [Ch'iung chih [Gelidium amansii [Agar </p><p>0239 [Ch'ou mo li [Clerodendrum fragrans [Fragrant glorybower </p><p>0240 [Ch'ou niu [Ipomoea hederacea or Ipomoea nil [Morning glory </p><p>0240 [erh ch'ou [Ipomoea hederacea or Ipomoea nil [Morning glory </p><p>0241 [Chu erh shen [Panax major [Pearl ginseng </p><p>0241 [Niu tzu ch'i [Panax major [Pearl ginseng </p><p>0242 [Chu hsia [Pinellia ternata or Pinellia pedatisecta [Pinellia cooked tubers </p><p>0243 [Chu huang [Shiraia bambusicola [Fungus infested bamboo </p><p>0244 [Chu huang [Bambusa textilis or Phyllostachys nigra or Phyllostachys reticulata [Tabasheer siliceous secretion </p><p>0244 [T'ien chu huang [Bambusa textilis or Phyllostachys nigra or Phyllostachys reticulata [Tabasheer siliceous secretion </p><p>0245 [Chu ju [Phyllostachys nigra [Bamboo shavings </p><p>0245 [Lu chu ju [Pyllostachys nigra [Bamboo shavings </p><p>0246 [Chu li [Phyllostachys nigra [Bamboo juice </p><p>0247 [Chu ling [Polyporus umbellatus [*Chuling </p><p>0248 [Chu lung ts'ao [Nepenthes mirabilis [Pitcher plant </p><p>0249 [Chu ma ken [Boehmeria nivea [Ramie root </p><p>0250 [Chu mao ts'ai [Salsola pestifera or Salsola collina [Salsola </p><p>0250 [Tzu p'eng [Salsola pestifera or Salsola collina [Salsola </p><p>0251 [Chu mu [Anemarrhena asphodeloides [Anemarrhena </p><p>0252 [Chu sha [ [Cinnabar or vermilion </p><p>0252 [Tan sha [ [Cinnabar or vermilion </p><p>0252 [Ch'en sha [ [Cinnabar or vermilion </p><p>0253 [Chu shih tou [Crotalaria mucronata [Rattlebox </p><p>0254 [Chu yü [Evodia rutaecarpa [*Evodia </p><p>0254 [Chu yü jou [Evodia rutaecarpa [*Evodia </p><p>0255 [Ch'u ch'un chü [Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium [Dalmatian pyrethrum </p><p>0256 [Ch'u shih tzu [Broussonetia papyrifera [Paper mulberry </p><p>0256 [Ch'u tzu [Broussonetia papyrifera [Paper mulberry </p><p>0257 [Chü heh [Citrus sinensis or Citrus nobilis [Orange seed or tangerine seed </p><p>0258 [Chü hsing tzu [Impatiens balsamina [Touch me not </p><p>0259 [Chü hua [Chrysanthemum morifolium [Chrysanthemum </p><p>0259 [Hang chü hua [Chrysanthemum morifolium [Hangchow Chrysanthemum </p><p>0259 [Huang chü hua [Chrysanthemum morifolium [Yellow flower chrysanthemum </p><p>0259 [Kan chü hua [Chrysanthemum morifolium [Canton chrysanthemum </p><p>0259 [Pai chü hua [Chrysanthemum morifolium [White flower chrysanthemum </p><p>0260 [Chü hung [Citrus erythrocarpa [Red tangerine </p><p>0260 [Chieh hung [Citrus erythrocarpa [Red tangerine peel </p><p>0261 [Chü kan [Citrus sinensis [Orange dried </p><p>0261 [Chü tzu kan [Citrus sinensis [Orange dried </p><p>0262 [Chü lo [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange vascular bundles </p><p>0262 [Chieh lo [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange vascular bundles </p><p>0262 [Chü pai [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange vascular bundles </p><p>0262 [Chieh pai [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange vascular bundles </p><p>0263 [Chü p'i [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange peel </p><p>0263 [Chieh p'i [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange peel </p><p>0264 [Chü shen tzu [Dipsacus chinensis [Chinese teasel </p><p>0264 [Chü sheng tzu [Dipsacus chinensis [Chinese teasel </p><p>0265 [Chü yeh [Citrus sinensis [Orange leaves </p><p>0265 [Chieh yeh [Citrus sinensis [Orange leaves </p><p>0266 [Chü mai [Dianthus superbus or Dianthus chinensis [Pink </p><p>0266 [Shih chu [Dianthus superbus or Dianthus chinensis [Pink </p><p>0267 [Chuan shen [Polygonum bistorta [Alphine knotweed </p><p>0268 [Ch'uan ch'i [See Huang ch'i [ </p><p>0269 [Ch'uan ch'iang [See Ch'iang huo [ </p><p>0269 [Ch'iang huo [See Ch'iang huo [ </p><p>0270 [Ch'uan chiao [Zanthoxylum simulans [Szechuan Pepper </p><p>0271 [Ch'uan chin p'i [Hibiscus syriacus [Rose of sharon </p><p>0272 [Ch'uan chin tzu [See Ch'ien chin tzu [ </p><p>0273 [Ch'uan chü chiu pien [Desmos cochinchinensis [*Desmos </p><p>0273 [Chia ying chao [Desmos cochinchinensis [*Desmos </p><p>0274 [Ch'uan fu [See Fu tzu [ </p><p>0275 [Ch'uan hou p'o [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia bark </p><p>0275 [Ch'uan hou p'u [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia bark </p><p>0275 [Ch'uan p'o [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia bark </p><p>0276 [Ch'uan hsi [Cyathula officinalis [*Cyathula </p><p>0276 [Ch'uan niu hsi [Cyathula officinalis [*Cyathula </p><p>0277 [Ch'uan hsieh [See Tse hsieh [ </p><p>0278 [Ch'uan hsin lien [Andrographis paniculata [*Andrographis </p><p>0278 [K'u tan ts'ao [Andrographis paniculata [*Andrographis </p><p>0279 [Ch'uan hsiung [Ligusticum wallichii [Szechuan lovage </p><p>0279 [Ch'uan chung [Ligusticum wallichii [Szechuan lovage </p><p>0279 [Hsi hsiung [Ligusticum wallichii [Szechuan lovage </p><p>0280 [Ch'uan hsü tuan [Dipsacus asper or Dipsacus chinensis [Szechuan teasel </p><p>0281 [Ch'uan huo [See Tu huo [ </p><p>0282 [Ch'uan kuei [Cinnamomum wilsonii [Szechuan cassia </p><p>0283 [Ch'uan lien [See Huang lien [ </p><p>0284 [Ch'uan lien tzü [Melia toosendan [Szechuan Pagoda Tree </p><p>0285 [Ch'uan mu hsiang [Vladimiria souliei [*Vladimiria </p><p>0286 [Ch'uan niu hsi [Cyathula officinalis [Cyathula </p><p>0286 [Ch'uan hsi [Cyathula officinalis [Cyathula </p><p>0287 [Ch'uan pa [See Pa tou [ </p><p>0288 [Ch'uan pei [Fritillaria cirrhosa [Szechuan fritillary </p><p>0288 [Pei mu [Fritillaria cirrhosa [Szechuan fritillary </p><p>0288 [Ch'uan pei mu [Fritillaria cirrhosa [Szechuan Fritillary </p><p>0289 [Ch'uan p'o hua [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia flower </p><p>0289 [Hou p'o hua [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia flower </p><p>0290 [Ch'uan p'o shih [Cudrania cochinchinensis [*Cudrania root </p><p>0290 [P'o shih [Cudrania cochinchinensis [*Cudrania root </p><p>0291 [Ch'uan shan chia p'ien [ [Scales of Pangolin </p><p>0291 [Shan chia [ [Scales of Pangolin </p><p>0291 [Shan chia p'ien [ [Scales of Pangolin </p><p>0291 [Chia p'ien [ [Scales of Pangolin </p><p>0292 [Ch'uan tang [Codonopsis tangshen [Szechuan tangshen </p><p>0293 [Ch'uan tuan [Dipsacus chinensis or Dipsacus asper [Szechuan Teasel </p><p>0294 [Ch'uan wu [Aconitum chinense or Aconitum carmichaelii [*Chinese aconite or *Szechuan aconite </p><p>0294 [Kuang wu [Aconitum chinense or Aconitum carmichaelii [*Chinese aconite or *Szechuan aconite </p><p>0294 [Wu t'ou [Aconitum chinense or Aconitum carmichaelii [*Chinese aconite or *Szechuan aconite </p><p>0294 [Hei fu tzu [Aconitum chinense or Aconitum carmichaelii [*Chinese aconite or *Szechuan aconite </p><p>0294 [T'ien hsiung [Aconitum chinense or Aconitum carmichaelii [*Chinese aconite or *Szechuan aconite </p><p>0295 [Chüan pai [Selaginella tamariscina [Spikemoss </p><p>0296 [Ch'üan ch'ung [ [Scorpion </p><p>0296 [Ch'üan hsieh [ [Scorpion </p><p>0297 [Chüeh ming [Cassia tora [Foetid cassia </p><p>0297 [Chüeh ming tzu [Cassia tora [Foetid cassia </p><p>0298 [Ch'ui p'eng ts'ao [Sedum sarmentosum [*Hanging stonecrop </p><p>0299 [Ch'ui ssu liu [Tamarix chinensis [Tamarisk </p><p>0299 [Hsi ho liu [Tamarix chinensis [Tamarisk </p><p>0300 [Chün kuei [Cinnamomum cassia [Cassia or Chinese Cinnamon </p><p>0301 [Ch'un chin p'i [Hibiscus rosa sinensis [Chinese hibiscus bark </p><p>0301 [Fu sang p'i [Hibiscus rosa sinensis [Chinese hibiscus bark </p><p>0302 [Ch'un hua [Magnolia liliflora [*Red magnolia </p><p>0302 [Hsin i [Magnolia liliflora [*Red magnolia </p><p>0303 [Ch'un ken [Ailanthus altissima [Tree of heaven </p><p>0303 [Ch'un ken p'i [Ailanthus altissima [Tree of heaven </p><p>0303 [Ch'ung ken pai p'i [Ailanthus altissima [Tree of heaven </p><p>0304 [Ch'un sha hua [Amomum villosum [*Flower of amomum </p><p>0304 [Sha jen hua [Amomum villosum [*Flower of amomum </p><p>0304 [Ch'un sha jen [Amomum villosum [Grain of paradise </p><p>0304 [Yang chun sha [Amomum villosum [Grain of paradise </p><p>0304 [Ch'un sha k'o [Amomum villosum [Husks of amomum </p><p>0305 [Chung ju [ [Stalactite </p><p>0305 [Chung ju shih [ [Stalactite </p><p>0306 [Chung shu [See Pai shu [ </p><p>0306 [Chung pai shu [See Pai shu [ </p><p>0307 [Ch'ung kuei tzu [Leonurus artemisia or Leonurus tataricus [Chinese motherwort </p><p>0307 [Ch'ung wei tzu [Leonurus artemisia or Leonurus tataricus [Chinese motherwort </p><p>0307 [Ch'ung wei [Leonurus artemisia or Leonurus tataricus [Chinese motherwort </p><p>0307 [I mu ts'ao [Leonurus artemisia or Leonurus tataricus [Chinese motherwort </p><p>0307 [Ch'ung yü tzu [Leonurus artemisia or Leonurus tataricus [Chinese motherwort </p><p>0308 [Ch'ung sha [ [Cockroach excrete </p><p>0309 [Ch'ung sha [ [Imitation cinnabar </p><p>0309 [Chia chu sha [ [Imitation cinnabar </p><p>0310 [Ch'ung su [Same as Ch'an su [ </p><p>0311 [Ch'ung ts'ao [Cordyceps sinensis [*Chuntsao or Winter worm summer herb </p><p>0311 [Hsia ts'ao tung ch'ung [Cordyceps sinensis [*Chuntsao or Winter worm summer herb </p><p>0311 [Tung ch'ung hsia ts'ao [Cordyceps sinensis [*Chuntsao or Winter worm summer herb </p><p>0312 [Ch'ung wei tzu [Leonurus artemisia or Leonurus tataricus [Chinese motherwort </p><p>0312 [Ch'ung wei [Leonurus artemisia or Leonurus tataricus [Chinese motherwort </p><p>0312 [I mu ts'ao [Leonurus artemisia or Leonurus tataricus [Chinese motherwort </p><p>0313 [erh ch'a [Acacia catechu or Acacia suma [Black cutch or Catechu </p><p>0314 [erh ch'a kao t'eng [Uncaria gambir [Cambbier or White cutch </p><p>0315 [erh ch'ou [Ipomoea hederacea or Ipomoea nil [*Black and White seeded morning glories </p><p>0315 [Hei ch'ou [Ipomoea hederacea or Ipomoea nil [*Black and White seeded morning glories </p><p>0315 [Pai ch'ou [Ipomoea hederacea or Ipomoea nil [*Black and White seeded morning glories </p><p>0315 [Ch'ou niu [Ipomoea hederacea or Ipomoea nil [*Black and White seeded morning glories </p><p>0315 [Hei pai ch'ou [Ipomoea hederacea or Ipomoea nil [*Black and White seeded morning glories </p><p>0316 [erh ts'ao [Hedyotis auricularia or Oldenlandia auricularia [*Auricular hedyotis </p><p>0316 [Hei hsin ts'ao [Hedyotis auricularia or Oldenlandia auricularia [*Auricular hedyotis </p><p>0317 [Fats'ai [Nostoc commune [*Nostoc </p><p>0318 [Fan hsieh yeh [Cassia angustifolia or Cassia acutifolia [Senna </p><p>0319 [Fan hung hua [Crocus sativus [Saffron </p><p>0320 [Fan mu kua [Carica papaya [Papaya </p><p>0321 [Fan mu pieh [Strychnos nux vomica [Nux vomica </p><p>0321 [Ma chien tzu [Strychnos nux vomica [Nux vomica </p><p>0322 [Fan pai ts'ao [Potentilla discolor [Silverweed </p><p>0323 [Fan shih liu [Psidium guajava [Guava </p><p>0324 [Fang chi [Aristolochia spp. or Stephania tetrandra [*Fangchi </p><p>0324 [Fang ch'i [Aristolochia spp. or Stephania tetrandra [*Fangchi </p><p>0324a [Han chung fang chi [Aristolochia heterophylla [*Northern fangchi </p><p>0324a [Ch'ing mu hsiang [Aristolochia heterophylla [*Northern fangchi </p><p>0324a [T'u fang chi [Aristolochia heterophylla [*Northern fangchi </p><p>0324b [Kuang fang chi [Aristolochia westlandii or Aristolochia fangchi [Southern fangchi </p><p>0324b [Mu fang chi [Aristolochia westlandii or Aristolochia fangchi [Southern fangchi </p><p>0324b [Shui fang chi [Aristolochia westlandii or Aristolochia fangchi [Southern fangchi </p><p>0324c [Fe fang chi [Stephania tetrandra [Mealy Fangchi </p><p>0325 [Fang feng [Ledebouriella seseloides or Saposhnikovia divaricata [*Fangfeng </p><p>0325 [Feng jou [Ledebouriella seseloides or Saposhnikovia divaricata [*Fangfeng </p><p>0325 [Fang feng jou [Ledebouriella seseloides or Saposhnikovia divaricata [*Fangfeng </p><p>0325a [Ch'uan fang feng [Ligusticum brachylobum [Szechuan fangfeng </p><p>0326 [Fang feng ts'ao [Anisomeles indica [*Anisomeles </p><p>0327 [Fang tang [Same as Tang shen [*Tangshen </p><p>0327 [Fang tang shen [Same as Tang shen [*Tangshen </p><p>0327 [Fang feng tang shen [Same as Tang shen [*Tangshen </p><p>0328 [Fang t'ung [See T'ung ts'ao [T'ung ts'ao of superior quality </p><p>0328 [Fang t'ung ts'ao [See T'ung ts'ao [T'ung ts'ao of superior quality </p><p>0329 [Fei lung chang hsüch [Toddalia asiatica [Lopez root </p><p>0330 [Fei shih [Torreya grandis [*Torreya nut </p><p>0330 [Fei tzu [Torreya grandis [*Torreya nut </p><p>0330 [Hsiang fei tzu [Torreya grandis [*Torreya nut </p><p>0331 [Fei tsao tzu [Gymnocladus chinensis [*Chinese gymnocladus </p><p>0331 [Hsiao tsao [Gymnocladus chinensis [*Chinese gymnocladus </p><p>0332 [Fei yang ts'ao [Euphorbia pilulifera [Hairy spurge </p><p>0333 [Fen chi ma [Stephania longa [Long leaved stephania </p><p>0334 [Fen ko [Pueraria thomsonii [*Sweet pueraria </p><p>0334 [Fen ko kan [Pueraria thomsonii [*Sweet pueraria </p><p>0334 [Fen ko t'eng [Pueraria thomsonii [*Sweet pueraria </p><p>0335 [Feng ch'ieh hua [Datura metel [*Upright datura </p><p>0335 [Yang chin hua [Datura metel [*Upright datura </p><p>0336 [Feng fang [ [Hornet nest </p><p>0336 [Lu feng fang [ [Hornet nest </p><p>0337 [Feng ho kuei [Sassafras tsumu or Pseudosassafras laxiflora [Chinese sassafras </p><p>0337 [T'ien o feng [Sassafras tsumu or Pseudosassafras laxiflora [Chinese sassafras </p><p>0338 [Feng hsiang chi sheng [Viscum articulatum [*Chinese mistletoe </p><p>0339 [Feng hsiang chih [Liquidambar formosana [*Chinese sweet gum </p><p>0340 [Feng hsiang shu [Cephalanthus occidentalis [Buttonbush </p><p>0341 [Feng hsien hua [Impatiens balsamina [Garden balsam or touch me not </p><p>0342 [Feng huang ch'ang [Caesalpina pulcherrima [Peacock flower </p><p>0343 [Feng huang i [ [Inner shell of fowls' egg </p><p>0343 [Feng huang t'ai [ [Inner shell of fowls' egg </p><p>0343 [Chi tan k'o [ [Inner shell of fowls' egg </p><p>0343 [Feng t'i [ [Inner shell of fowls' egg </p><p>0344 [Feng jou [See Fang feng [ </p><p>0345 [Feng la [ Beeswax </p><p>0345 [Huang la [ Beeswax </p><p>0346 [Feng lung yen [Ailanthus altissima [Ailanthus fruit </p><p>0347 [Feng mao [Saussurea japonica [Japanese saussurea </p><p>0347 [Ta feng mao [Saussurea japonica [Japanese saussurea </p><p>0347 [Feng mao chü [Saussurea japonica [Japanese saussurea </p><p>0348 [Feng mi [ [Honey </p><p>0349 [Feng sha t'eng [Kadsura longipedunculata [*Long stalked kadsura </p><p>0350 [Feng shih [Liquidambar formosana [Chinese sweet gum </p><p>0351 [Feng shu yeh [Liquidambar formosana [Chinese sweet gum </p><p>0352 [Feng t'eng [Ficus martinii or Piper kadsura [Creeping fig or fengteng </p><p>0352 [Hai feng t'eng [Ficus martinii or Piper kadsura [Creeping fig or fengteng </p><p>0353 [Feng tou ts'ai [Petasites japonicus [Coltsfoot </p><p>0353 [She t'ou ts'ao [Petasites japonicus [Coltsfoot </p><p>0354 [Feng wei chiao yeh [Cycas revoluta [Cycas or Sage palm </p><p>0354 [Feng wei sung [Cycas revoluta [Cycas or Sage palm </p><p>0354 [Su t'ieh [Cycas revoluta [Cycas or Sage palm </p><p>0355 [Feng wei ts'ao [Pteris multifida [*Phoenis tail fern </p><p>0355 [Chin hsing ts'ao [Pteris multifida [*Phoenis tail fern </p><p>0356 [Feng wo ts'ao [Leucas zeylanica [*Leucas </p><p>0357 [Feng yang yeh [Pterocarya stenoptera [Wing nut </p><p>0358 [FÆng yen ts'ao [Ailanthus altissima [Ailanthus fruit </p><p>0358 [Feng yen yeh [Ailanthus altissima [Ailanthus fruit </p><p>0359 [Fo chia ts'ao [Sedum lineare [Linear stonecrop </p><p>0360 [Fo erh ts'ao [Gnaphalium affine [Cudweed </p><p>0360 [Shu chü ts'ao [Gnaphalium affine [Cudweed </p><p>0361 [Fo sang hua [Hibiscus rosa sinensis [Chinese hibiscus </p><p>0361 [Fu sang hua [Hibiscus rosa sinensis [Chinese hibiscus </p><p>0361 [Ch'üan hua [Hibiscus rosa sinensis [Chinese hibiscus </p><p>0362 [Fo shou [Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis [Finger citron </p><p>0362 [Fo shou kan [Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis [Finger citron </p><p>0362 [Fo shou hua [Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis [Finger citron flower </p><p>0362 [Fo shou kan [Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis [Finger citron dried fruit </p><p>0362 [Fo shou p'ien [Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis [Finger citron sliced </p><p>0363 [Fou hai shih [ [Pumice </p><p>0363 [Fou shih [ [Pumice </p><p>0364 [Fou mai [Triticum aestivum [Wheat shriveled </p><p>0364 [Fou hsiao mai [Triticum aestivum [Wheat shriveled </p><p>0364 [Hsiao mai [Triticum aestivum [Wheat shriveled </p><p>0365 [Fou p'ing [Lemna minor [Duckweed </p><p>0366 [Fou p'ing ts'ao [Spirodela polyrhiza [*Spirodela </p><p>0366 [Ta p'ing yeh [Spirodela polyrhiza [*Spirodela </p><p>0366 [Tzü p'ing [Spirodela polyrhiza [*Spirodela </p><p>0367 [Fu hua [Same as Hsüan fu hua [ </p><p>0368 [Fu jung hua [Hibiscus mutabilis [Cotton Rose flower </p><p>0368 [Mu fu yung [Hibiscus mutabilis [Cotton Rose flower </p><p>0369 [Fu jung yeh [Hibiscus mutabilis [Cotton rose leaf </p><p>0370 [Fu ling [Poria cocos [China root </p><p>0370 [Pai fu ling [Poria cocos [China root </p><p>0370 [Yün fu ling [Poria cocos [China root </p><p>0371 [Fu lung kan [ [Furnace soil </p><p>0371 [Tsao hsin t'ou [ [Furnace soil </p><p>0372 [Fu p'en tzu [Rubus parvifolius or Rubus palmatus [Chinese raspberry </p><p>0372 [Fu p'en [Rubus parvifolius or Rubus palmatus [Chinese raspberry </p><p>0373 [Fu shen [Poria cocos [China root host attached </p><p>0374 [Fu shih [Carpesium abrotanoides [*Crane lice </p><p>0375 [Fu shou ts'ao [Adonis amurensis [*Adonis </p><p>0376 [Fu t'ai [Areca catechu [Betel fiber </p><p>0377 [Fu tzu [Aconitum carmichaelii [Szechuan aconite </p><p>0377 [Ch'uan fu [Aconitum carmichaelii [Szechuan aconite </p><p>0377 [Fu p'ien [Aconitum carmichaelii [Szechuan aconite </p><p>0378 [Ha ma [ [Dry frog </p><p>0378 [Ha shih ma [ [Dry frog </p><p>0379 [Ha ma chi [Lobaria pulmonaria var. meridionalis [Lobaria </p><p>0380 [Ha chin sha [Lygodium japonicum [Climbing fern </p><p>0380 [Chin sha [Lygodium japonicum [Climbing fern </p><p>0381 [Hai chou ch'ang shan [Clerodendrum trichotomum [*Hairy clerodendrum </p><p>0382 [Hai feng t'eng [Piper kadsura or Ficus maritinii or Usnea diffracta or Akebia quinata [*Haifengteng </p><p>0382 [Feng t'eng [Piper kadsura or Ficus maritinii or Usnea diffracta or Akebia quinata [*Haifengteng </p><p>0383 [Hai kou shen [ [Testicles and penis of seal </p><p>0383 [Hai kou p'ien [ [Testicles and penis of seal </p><p>0384 [Hai lung [ [Pipe fish </p><p>0385 [Hai ma [ [Sea Horse </p><p>0386 [Hai nan chü [Piper hainanense [Hainan pepper </p><p>0387 [Hai piao [ [Cuttle fish bone </p><p>0387 [Wu tsei ku [ [Cuttle fish bone </p><p>0387 [Hai p'iao shao [ [Cuttle fish bone </p><p>0387 [Tan ku [ [Cuttle fish bone </p><p>0387 [Mo yü ku [ [Cuttle fish bone </p><p>0388 [Hai tai [Laminaria japonica [Kelp </p><p>0389 [Hai tan [ [Sea urchin </p><p>0390 [Hai tsao [Sargassium fusiforme or Sargassium pallidum [Seaweed </p><p>0391 [Hai ts'ung [Urginea maritima [*Sea onion </p><p>0392 [Hai t'ung p'i [Kalopanax septemlobus or Erythrina indica [*Haitungpi </p><p>0392 [T'ung p'i [Kalopanax septemlobus or Erythrina indica [*Haitungpi </p><p>0393 [Hai yü [Alocasia odora [Alocasia </p><p>0393 [Kuang tung lang tou [Alocasia odora [Alocasia </p><p>0394 [Han fang chi [Menispermum dauricum or Aristolochia heterophylla [*Hanfangchi </p><p>0394 [Shan tou ken [Menispermum dauricum or Aristolochia heterophylla [*Hanfangchi </p><p>0395 [Han hsin ts'ao [Scutellaria indica [Skullcap </p><p>0396 [Han hsiu ts'ao [Mimosa pudica [Sensitive plant </p><p>0397 [Han lien mu [Camptotheca acuminata [*Camptotheca </p><p>0397 [Hsi shu [Camptotheca acuminata [*Camptotheca </p><p>0398 [Han lien ts'ao [Eclipta prostrata [Eclipta </p><p>0398 [Mai t'ou ts'ao [Eclipta prostrata [Eclipta </p><p>0399 [Han shui shih [ [Gypsum and Calcite </p><p>0399 [Shui shih [ [Gypsum and Calcite </p><p>0400 [Hei chih ma [Sesamum indicum [Sesame husk or Black sesame </p><p>0400 [Chih ma [Sesamum indicum [Sesame husk or Black sesame </p><p>0400 [Hu ma [Sesamum indicum [Sesame husk or Black sesame </p><p>0400 [Chih ma k'o [Sesamum indicum [Sesame husk or Black sesame </p><p>0401 [Hei ch'ou [See erh ch'ou [ </p><p>0402 [Hei fu tzü [Aconitum chinense [Chinese aconite </p><p>0403 [Hei kou chi [Blechnum orientale [Blechnum </p><p>0404 [Hei ku t'ou [Periploca forrestii [Yunnan periploca </p><p>0404 [Ta feng t'eng [Periploca forrestii [Yunnan periploca </p><p>0404 [Ch'ing feng t'eng [Periploca forrestii [Yunnan periploca </p><p>0404 [Hei lung ku [Periploca forrestii [Yunnan periploca </p><p>0405 [Hei lao hu [Kadsura coccinea [*Scarlet Kadsura </p><p>0405 [Chan ti feng [Kadsura coccinea [*Scarlet Kadsura </p><p>0406 [Hei mien shen [Breynia fruticosa [*Breynia </p><p>0406 [Hei mien chen [Breynia fruticosa [*Breynia </p><p>0407 [Hei pai ch'ou [See erh ch'ou [ </p><p>0408 [Hei p'i ken [Polyalthia nemoralis [*Polyalthia </p><p>0409 [Hei san leng [Scirpus yagara [*Black bulrush </p><p>0410 [Hei tsao [Diospyros lotus [Wild persimmon </p><p>0410 [Juan tsao [Diospyros lotus [Wild persimmon </p><p>0411 [Heng ching hsi [Calophyllum membranaceum [*Calophyllum </p><p>0411 [Te ta chiang chun [Calophyllum membranaceum [*Calophyllum </p><p>0412 [Ho ch'e [ [Human placenta </p><p>0412 [Tzu ho ch'e [ [Human placenta </p><p>0413 [Ho hsiang [Agastache rugosa or See Huo hsiang [*Agastache </p><p>0413 [T'u ho hsiang [Agastache rugosa or See Huo hsiang [*Agastache </p><p>0414 [Ho hsiang yeh [Pogostemon cablin or See Huo hsiang [Patchouli </p><p>0414 [Kuang ho hsiang [Pogostemon cablin or See Huo hsiang [Patchouli </p><p>0415 [Ho huan hua [Albizzia julibrissin [Mimosa tree flower </p><p>0415 [Ho huan p'i [Albizzia julibrissin [Mimosa tree bark </p><p>0416 [Ho li le [Terminalia chebula [Myrobalan </p><p>0416 [Ho tzu [Terminalia chebula [Myrobalan </p><p>0416 [Tsang ch'ing kuo [Terminalia chebula [Myrobalan </p><p>0417 [Ho lien hua [Nelumbo nucifera [Sacred lotus </p><p>0417 [Lien hua [Nelumbo nucifera [Sacred lotus </p><p>0418 [Ho shih [Artemisia cina or Artemisia cina or See Fu shih [Wormseed </p><p>0418 [Huei hao [Artemisia cina or Artemisia cina or See Fu shih [Wormseed </p><p>0419 [Ho shou wu [Polygonum multiflorum [*Chinese cornbind </p><p>0419 [Shou wu [Polygonum multiflorum [*Chinese cornbind </p><p>0419 [Ch'ao wu [Polygonum multiflorum [*Chinese cornbind </p><p>0420 [Ho t'ao [Juglans regia [Walnut </p><p>0420 [Heh t'ao [Juglans regia [Walnut </p><p>0421 [Ho tzu [Terminalia chebula [Myrobalans </p><p>0421 [Ho li le [Terminalia chebula [Myrobalans </p><p>0421 [Ko tzu [Terminalia chebula [Myrobalans </p><p>0422 [Ho yeh [Nelumbo nucifera [Lotus leaves </p><p>0422 [Lien yeh [Nelumbo nucifera [Lotus leaves </p><p>0423 [Hou k'o [ [King crab shell </p><p>0424 [Hou p'o [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia bark </p><p>0424 [Ch'uan hou p'o [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia bark </p><p>0424 [Ch'uan p'o [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia bark </p><p>0425 [Hou p'o hua [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia flower </p><p>0425 [P'o hua [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia flower </p><p>0426 [Hou p'o ken [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia root </p><p>0426 [P'o ken [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia root </p><p>0427 [Hou tsao [ [Monkey bezoar </p><p>0428 [Hou tzu chieh [ [Wens on monkey </p><p>0429 [Hsi chiao [ [Rhinoceros horn </p><p>0430 [Hsi hsien [Siegesbeckia orientalis [Siegesbeckia </p><p>0430 [Hsi hsien ts'ao [Siegesbeckia orientalis [Siegesbeckia </p><p>0430 [Nien hu ts'ao [Siegesbeckia orientalis [Siegesbeckia </p><p>0432 [Hsi hsin [Asarum heterotropoides or Asarum sieboldii [*Chinese wild ginger </p><p>0432 [Ma hsin [Asarum heterotropoides or Asarum sieboldii [*Chinese wild ginger </p><p>0432 [Pei hsin [Asarum heterotropoides or Asarum sieboldii [*Chinese wild ginger </p><p>0433 [Hsi hsiung [Ligusticum wallichii [Shensi lovage </p><p>0434 [Hsi kua shuang [Citrullus lanatus or Citrullus vulgaris [Watermelon green treated with tannin </p><p>0435 [Hsi ming [Thlaspi arvense [Penny cress </p><p>0435 [Pai chiang ts'ao [Thlaspi arvense [Penny cress </p><p>0436 [Hsi pei lang tu [Stellera chamaejasme [Arrow poison </p><p>0437 [Hsi p'i [Dictamnus dasycarpus [Chinese Dittany </p><p>0437 [Pai hsien p'i [Dictamnus dasycarpus [Chinese Dittany </p><p>0438 [Hsi sheng t'eng [Cissampelos pareira [*Cissampelos </p><p>0439 [Hsi shu [Camptotheca acuminata [Camptotheca </p><p>0439 [Han lien mu [Camptotheca acuminata [Camptotheca </p><p>0440 [Hsi shuo [ [Crickeets </p><p>0441 [Hsi tang [See Tang shen [Tang shen from Shensi </p><p>0442 [Hsi tsang hung hua [Crocus sativus [Saffron introduced to China from India via Tibet </p><p>0442 [Tsang hung hua [Crocus sativus [Saffron introduced to China from India via Tibet </p><p>0442 [Fan hung hua [Crocus sativus [Saffron introduced to China from India via Tibet </p><p>0442 [Hsi hung hua [Crocus sativus [Saffron introduced to China from India via Tibet </p><p>0443 [Hsi yang shen [Panax quinquefolium [American ginseng </p><p>0443 [Hua ch'i shen [Panax quinquefolium [American ginseng </p><p>0444 [Hsi yeh t'eng [Tetracera asiatica [*Tetracera </p><p>0445 [Hsia chien ts'ao [Alternanthera sessilis [Alternanthera </p><p>0445 [Pai hua tzu [Alternanthera sessilis [Alternanthera </p><p>0446 [Hsia k'u ts'ao [Prunella vulgaris [Selfheal or heal all </p><p>0447 [Hsia ma [ [Dried frog </p><p>0448 [Hsia t'ien wu [Corydalis decumbens [*Bending corydalis </p><p>0448 [Hsia wu tsung [Corydalis decumbens [*Bending corydalis </p><p>0449 [Hsia ts'ao tung ch'ung [See Ch'ung ts'ao [ </p><p>0450 [Hsiang chia p'i [Periploca sepium [*Purple flowered periploca </p><p>0450 [Pei wu chia p'i [Periploca sepium [*Purple flowered periploca </p><p>0450 [Kang liu p'i [Periploca sepium [*Purple flowered periploca </p><p>0451 [Hsiang chü [Crossostephium chinense [*Fujungchu </p><p>0451 [Fu jung chü [Crossostephium chinense [*Fujungchu </p><p>0452 [Hsiang ch'un [Toona sinensis or Cedrela sinensis [Chinese cedrela </p><p>0452 [Hsiang ch'un ken [Toona sinensis or Cedrela sinensis [Chinese cedrela </p><p>0452 [Hsiang ch'un chih [Toona sinensis or Cedrela sinensis [Chinese cedrela </p><p>0452 [Hsiang ch'un tzu [Toona sinensis or Cedrela sinensis [Chinese cedrela </p><p>0453 [Hsiang chün [Lentinus edodes [Fragrant mushroom </p><p>0453 [Hsiang ku [Lentinus edodes [Fragrant mushroom </p><p>0454 [Hsiang fei tzu [See Fei shih [ </p><p>0455 [Hsiang fu tzu [Cyperus rotundus [Nut grass </p><p>0455 [Hsiang fu [Cyperus rotundus [Nut grass </p><p>0456 [Hsiang ju [Elsholtzia haichowensis or Elsholtzia splendens or Elsholtzia ciliata [Aromatic madder </p><p>0456 [Hsiang ju ts'ao [Elsholtzia haichowensis or Elsholtzia splendens or Elsholtzia ciliata [Aromatic madder </p><p>0457 [Hsiang ku [See Hsiang chin [ </p><p>0458 [Hsiang mao [Cymbopogon citratus [Lemon grass </p><p>0458 [Hsiang mao ts'ao [Cymbopogon citratus [Lemon grass </p><p>0459 [Hsiang pai chih [Angelica anomala [Chinese angelica </p><p>0460 [Hsiang pei [See Che pei [Fritillary from Hsiang shan </p><p>0460 [Che pei [See Che pei [Fritillary from Hsiang shan </p><p>0461 [Hsiang p'i [ [Elephant hide </p><p>0462 [Hsiang p'u [Typha angustata or Typha angustifolia Typha latifolia [Cat tail </p><p>0462 [Hsiang p'u ts'ao [Typha angustata or Typha angustifolia Typha latifolia [Cat tail </p><p>0463 [Hsiang ssu tzu [Abrus precatorius [Rosary pea </p><p>0463 [Hsiang ssu tou [Abrus precatorius [Rosary pea </p><p>0463 [Ma liao tou [Abrus precatorius [Rosary pea </p><p>0464 [Hsiang yü p'i [Ulmus pumila [Chinese elm </p><p>0464 [Yü p'i [Ulmus pumila [Chinese elm </p><p>0465 [Hsiang yüan [Citrus medica and Citrus wilsonii [Citron </p><p>0465 [Chü yuan [Citrus medica and Citrus wilsonii [Citron </p><p>0466 [Hsiao chi [Cephalanoplos segetum [*Field thistle </p><p>0466 [Chi chi ya [Cephalanoplos segetum [*Field thistle </p><p>0467 [Hsiao fei yang [Euphorbia thymifolia [Thyme leaved spurge </p><p>0468 [Hisao hui hsiang [Foeniculum vulgare [Fennel </p><p>0468 [Hsiao hui [Foeniculum vulgare [Fennel </p><p>0469 [Hsiao hung tou [Phaseolus calcaratus [Small red bean </p><p>0470 [Hsiao lo san [Ardisia crispa [Small ardisia </p><p>0471 [Hsiao mi [Setaria italica [Millet </p><p>0471 [Su mi [Setaria italica [Millet </p><p>0472 [Hsiao mu t'ung [Clematis armandii [*Armand's clematis </p><p>0473 [Hsiao p'i [ [Sodium sulphate crude crystal </p><p>0473 [P'i hsiao [ [Sodium sulphate crude crystal </p><p>0474 [Hsiao po ku [Gendarussa vulgaris [Small gendarussa </p><p>0475 [Hsiao tou k'ou [Elettaria cardamomum [Cardamom </p><p>0476 [Hsiao yeh mai ma t'eng [Gnetum parvifolium [*Small gnetum </p><p>0476 [Chu chieh t'eng [Gnetum parvifolium [*Small gnetum </p><p>0477 [Hsiao yeh p'i pa [Rhododendron anthopogonoides [*Alpine rosebay </p><p>0478 [Hsiao yeh shuang yen lung [Croton lachnocarpus [*Small croton </p><p>0479 [Hsieh [ [Scorpions </p><p>0479 [Chuan hsieh [ [Scorpions </p><p>0480 [Hsieh pai [Allium chinense [Chinese chive </p><p>0480 [Huo ts'ung [Allium chinense [Chinese chive </p><p>0481 [Hsieh ts'ao [Valeriana officinalis [Valerian </p><p>0481 [Ou hsieh ts'ao [Valeriana officinalis [Valerian </p><p>0483 [Hsieh yeh [Cassia angustifolia and Cassia acutifolia [Senna </p><p>0483 [Fan hsieh yeh [Cassia angustifolia and Cassia acutifolia [Senna </p><p>0484 [Hsien ho ts'ao [Agrimonia pilosa [Agrimony </p><p>0484 [Lang ya ts'ao [Agrimonia pilosa [Agrimony </p><p>0485 [Hsien hu [Dendrobium nobile or Dendrobium officinale [Fresh dendrobium </p><p>0486 [Hsien mao [Curculigo orchioides [Golden eye grass </p><p>0486 [Tu chüeh hsien mao [Curculigo orchioides [Golden eye grass </p><p>0487 [Hsien mi [Oryza sativa [Rice </p><p>0487 [Keng mi [Oryza sativa [Rice </p><p>0488 [Hsien p'i [Dictamnus dasycarpus [Chinese dattany </p><p>0488 [Pai hsien p'i [Dictamnus dasycarpus [Chinese dattany </p><p>0489 [Hsien shuang mei [Prunus mume [*Medicated mei </p><p>0489 [Hua mei [Prunus mume [*Medicated mei </p><p>0490 [Hsien yen chang [Opuntia dillenii [Prickly pear </p><p>0491 [Hsin ku feng [Aristolochia mollissima [Hairy birthwort </p><p>0492 [Hsin i [Magnolia liliflora [*Red magnolia </p><p>0492 [I hua [Magnolia liliflora [*Red magnolia </p><p>0493 [Hsin shih [ [Arsenolite or Arsenopyrite </p><p>0494 [Hsing hsü ts'ai [Lysimachia fortunei [*Fortune's lysimachia </p><p>0495 [Hsing jen [Prunus armeniaca [Apricot kernel </p><p>0495 [K'u hsing jen [Prunus armeniaca [Apricot kernel </p><p>0496 [Hsiung ch'iung [Ligusticum wallichii [Szechuan lovage </p><p>0496 [Ch'uan hsiung [Ligusticum wallichii [Szechuan lovage </p><p>0497 [Hsiung huang [ [Realgar or Red arsenic sulphide </p><p>0497 [Ming huang [ [Realgar or Red arsenic sulphide </p><p>0497 [K'uai huang [ [Realgar or Red arsenic sulphide </p><p>0498 [Hsiung tan [ [Bear's gall </p><p>0499 [Hsü ch'ang ch'ing [Cynanchum paniculatum [Liaotiaochu </p><p>0499 [Kuei tu yu [Cynanchum paniculatum [Liaotiaochu </p><p>0499 [Liao tiao chu [Cynanchum paniculatum [Liaotiaochu </p><p>0500 [Hsü sui tzu [Euphorbia lathyris [Lathyrol spurge </p><p>0500 [Ch'ien chin tzu [Euphorbia lathyris [Lathyrol spurge </p><p>0501 [Hsü tuan [Dipsacus japonicus [Japanese teasel </p><p>0501 [Hsü tuan t'ou [Dipsacus japonicus [Japanese teasel </p><p>0502 [Hsüan ching shih [ [Gypsum </p><p>0503 [Hsüan fu hua [Inula britannica [*Wild elecampane </p><p>0503 [Fu hua [Inula britannica [*Wild elecampane </p><p>0503 [Chin fu hua [Inula britannica [*Wild elecampane </p><p>0503 [Ch'üan fu hua [Inula britannica [*Wild elecampane </p><p>0504 [Hsüan ming fen [ [Weathered sodium sulphate </p><p>0504 [Feng hua hsiao [ [Weathered sodium sulphate </p><p>0505 [Hsüan shen [Scrophularia ningpoensis [Ningpo figwort </p><p>0505 [Hei shen [Scrophularia ningpoensis [Ningpo figwort </p><p>0506 [Hsüan ts'ao [Hemerocallis fulva [Daylily </p><p>0507 [Hsüeh chieh [Daemonorops draco [Dragon's blood </p><p>0508 [Hsüeh chien ch'ou [See 0508a and 0508b [ </p><p>0508a [North China Hsüeh chien ch'ou [Acalypha australis [Wild copperleaf </p><p>0508a [North China Mao yen ts'ai [Acalypha australis [Wild copperleaf </p><p>0508a [North China T'ieh hsien ts'ai [Acalypha australis [Wild copperleaf </p><p>0508b [South China Hsüeh chieh ch'ou [Teucrium viscidum [Chinese germander </p><p>0508b [South China Shan huo hsiang [Teucrium viscidum [Chinese germander </p><p>0509 [Hsüeh shan lin [Pschysandra terminalis [*Pachysandra </p><p>0509 [Fu kuei ts'ao [Pschysandra terminalis [*Pachysandra </p><p>0510 [Hsüeh shang i chih hao [Aconitum bullatifolium var homotrichum [*Yunnan alpine aconite </p><p>0511 [Hsüeh yü t'an [ [Charred human hair </p><p>0512 [Hu chang [Polygonum cuspidatum [Bushy knotweed </p><p>0512 [Pan ken [Polygonum cuspidatum [Bushy knotweed </p><p>0512 [Ho hsüeh tan [Polygonum cuspidatum [Bushy knotweed </p><p>0513 [Hu chiao [Piper nigrum [Black pepper </p><p>0514 [Hu chiao [ [Tiger bone glue </p><p>0514 [Hu ku chiao [ [Tiger bone glue </p><p>0515 [Hu erh ts'ao [Saxifraga stolonifera [Saxifrage </p><p>0516 [Hu huang lien [Picrorhiza kurrooa or Picrorhiza scrophulariaeflora [*Picrorhiza </p><p>0516 [Hu lien [Picrorhiza kurrooa or Picrorhiza scrophulariaeflora [*Picrorhiza </p><p>0517 [Hu ku [ [Tiger bone </p><p>0518 [Hu lu [Lagenaria siceraria [Bottle gourd </p><p>0519 [Hu lu ch'a [Desmodium triquetrum or Pteroloma triquetrum [*Bottle gourd tea </p><p>0520 [Hu lu pa [Trigonella foenum graecum [Fenugreek seed </p><p>0520 [Lu pa [Trigonella foenum graecum [Fenugreek seed </p><p>0521 [Huma [Linum usitatissimum [Flax </p><p>0521 [Huma jen [Linum usitatissimum [Flax </p><p>0521 [Ya ma [Linum usitatissimum [Flax </p><p>0522 [Hu p'o [ [Amber fossilized resin </p><p>0522 [Hsüeh p'o [ [Amber fossilized resin </p><p>0523 [Hu she hung [Ardisia mamillata [*Purple ardisia </p><p>0524 [Hu sui [Coriandrum sativum [Coriander </p><p>0524 [Yüan sui [Coriandrum sativum [Coriander </p><p>0525 [Hu tan [Paeonia suffruticosa [Tree peony </p><p>0525 [Tan ken [Paeonia suffruticosa [Tree peony </p><p>0526 [Hu t'ung lui [Populus diversifolia [*Tartar poplar fossilized resin </p><p>0526 [Wu t'ung lui [Populus diversifolia [*Tartar poplar fossilized resin </p><p>0527 [Hu tz'u [Damnacanthus indicus [*Damnacanthus </p><p>0528 [Hua chiao [Zanthoxylum simulans or Zanthoxylum bungeanum [*Szechun pepper </p><p>0528 [Chen chiao [Zanthoxylum simulans or Zanthoxylum bungeanum [*Szechun pepper </p><p>0528 [Ch'uan chiao [Zanthoxylum simulans or Zanthoxylum bungeanum [*Szechun pepper </p><p>0528 [Yao chiao [Zanthoxylum simulans or Zanthoxylum bungeanum [*Szechun pepper </p><p>0529 [Hua chiao yeh [Zanthoxylum nitidum [*Shiny bramble </p><p>0530 [Hua fen [See t'ien hua fen [ </p><p>0531 [Hua ju shih [ [Ophicalcite </p><p>0531 [Hua jui shih [ [Ophicalcite </p><p>0532 [Hua mu t'ung [Clematis montana [Montane clematis </p><p>0533 [Hua p'i [Betula platyphylla [Chinese white birch bark </p><p>0533 [Hua mu p'i [Betula platyphylla [Chinese white birch bark </p><p>0533 [Ssu pai p'i [Betula platyphylla [Chinese white birch bark </p><p>0534 [Hua shih [ [Talc soapstone </p><p>0535 [Hua shih fen [ [Powder of talc or kaolinite </p><p>0536 [Huai chiao [Sophora japonica [Pagoda tree </p><p>0536 [Huai shih [Sophora japonica [Pagoda tree </p><p>0536 [Huai chiao tzu [Sophora japonica [Pagoda tree </p><p>0536 [Huai tzu [Sophora japonica [Pagoda tree </p><p>0537 [Huai hsiang [Foeniculum vulgare [Fennel </p><p>0537 [Hui hsiang [Foeniculum vulgare [Fennel </p><p>0538 [Huai hua mi [Sophora japonica [Pagoda tree flowers and buds </p><p>0538 [Huai hua [Sophora japonica [Pagoda tree flowers and buds </p><p>0538 [Huai mi [Sophora japonica [Pagoda tree flowers and buds </p><p>0538 [Huai tzu [Sophora japonica [Pagoda tree flowers and buds </p><p>0539 [Huai shan [Dioscorea opposita [Chinese Yam </p><p>0539 [Huai shan yao [Dioscorea opposita [Chinese Yam </p><p>0540 [Huai shu chih [Sophora japonica [Pagoda tree </p><p>0541 [Huan ch'ai [Dendrobium lohohense [*Lohoh dendrobium </p><p>0541 [Yü huan ch'ai [Dendrobium lohohense [*Lohoh dendrobium </p><p>0541 [Huan ts'ao [Dendrobium lohohense [*Lohoh dendrobium </p><p>0541 [erh huan shih hu [Dendrobium lohohense [*Lohoh dendrobium </p><p>0542 [Huan hun ts'ao [Selaginella tamariscina [Chinese resurrection plant </p><p>0542 [Chüan pai [Selaginella tamariscina [Chinese resurrection plant </p><p>0543 [Huang ch'i [Astragalus membranaceus or Astragalus mongholicus [*Huangchi </p><p>0543 [Ch'uan ch'i [Astragalus montholicus [Product from Szechuan </p><p>0543 [Hsi ch'i [Astragalus montholicus [Product from Shensi </p><p>0543 [Hung ch'i [Astragalus membranaceus or Astragalus mongholicus [Reddish kind or Ichang market </p><p>0543 [Mien ch'i [Astragalus mongholicus [Product from Shansi or Mien shan </p><p>0543a [Pei ch'i [Astragalus mongholicus [ </p><p>0543b [T'iao ch'i [Astagalus mongholicus [ </p><p>0544 [Huang chih [Gardenia jasminoides [Gardenia </p><p>0544 [Huang chih tzu [Gardenia jasminoides [Gardenia </p><p>0544 [Chih tzu [Gardenia jasminoides [Gardenia </p><p>0544 [Shui chih tu [Gardenia jasminoides [Gardenia </p><p>0544 [Chien chih [Gardenia jasminoides [Gardenia </p><p>0545 [Huang ch'in [Scutellaria baicalensis [Baical skullcap </p><p>0546 [Huang ching [Polygonatum cirrhifolium or Polygonatum sibiricum or Polygonatum multiflorum [Solomon's seal </p><p>0547 [Huang ching tzu [Vitex cannabifolia or Vitex negundo [Hemp leaved vitex </p><p>0548 [Huang hao [Artemisia annua [Annual artemisia </p><p>0548 [Huang hao hua [Artemisia annua [Annual artemisia </p><p>0549 [Huang hua chia chu t'ao [Thevetia peruviana [Yellow oleander </p><p>0550 [Huang hua mu [Sida rhombifolia [Sida hemp </p><p>0551 [Huang hua ts'ai ken [Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus or Hemerocallis citrina or Hemerocallis minor [Yellow daylily </p><p>0551 [Hsüan ts'ao ken [Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus or Hemerocallis citrina or Hemerocallis minor [Yellow daylily </p><p>0552 [Huang kou shen [ [Testicle &amp; penis of dog </p><p>0553 [Huang lien [Coptis chinensis [Golden thread </p><p>0553 [Chi lien [Coptis chinensis [Golden thread </p><p>0553 [Ch'uan lien [Coptis chinensis [Golden thread </p><p>0553 [Hsi lien [Coptis chinensis [Golden thread </p><p>0553 [Kuan lien [Coptis chinensis [Golden thread </p><p>0553 [Mu lien [Coptis chinensis [Golden thread </p><p>0553 [Shui lien [Coptis chinensis [Golden thread </p><p>0553 [Yün lien [Coptis chinensis [Golden thread </p><p>0554 [Huang lu [Cotinus coggygria [Smoke tree </p><p>0555 [Huang niu ch'a [Cratoxylon ligustrinum [Yoke wood tree </p><p>0556 [Huang pai [Phellodendron amurense [Amur cork tree </p><p>0557 [Huang p'i heh [Clausena lansium [Wampee seed and/or leaves </p><p>0557 [Huang shih [Clausena lansium [Wampee seed and/or leaves </p><p>0557 [Huang p'i yeh [Clausena lansium [Wampee seed and/or leaves </p><p>0558 [Huang t'eng [Fibraurea tinctoria [Fibraurea </p><p>0558 [Huang lien t'eng [Fibraurea tinctoria [Fibraurea </p><p>0558 [T'u huang lien [Fibraurea tinctoria [Fibraurea </p><p>0559 [Huang t'u [Dioscorea bulbifera [*Yellow root Yam </p><p>0559 [Huang yao [Dioscorea bulbifera [*Yellow root Yam </p><p>0559 [Huang yao tzu [Dioscorea bulbifera [*Yellow root Yam </p><p>0560 [Huang yang mu [Buxus microphylla or var sinica [Chinese box </p><p>0560 [Huang yang ken [Buxus microphylla or var sinica [Chinese box </p><p>0560 [Huang yang tzu [Buxus microphylla or var sinica [Chinese box </p><p>0561 [Huang yen ts'ai [Youngia japonica [*Youngia </p><p>0561 [Huan yang ts'ao [Youngia japonica [*Youngia </p><p>0562 [Huang yüan hua [Wikstroemia chamaedaphne [Wikstroemia </p><p>0563 [Hui hsiang [Foeniculum vulgare [Fennel </p><p>0563 [Hsiao hui hsiang [Foeniculum vulgare [Fennel </p><p>0564 [Hui yeh [Tephrosia purpurea [*Tephrosia </p><p>0564 [Hui yeh ken [Tephrosia purpurea [*Tephrosia </p><p>0564 [Yeh lan [Tephrosia purpurea [*Tephrosia </p><p>0565 [Hung ch'iu chiang [Zingiber zerumbet [*Red ball ginger </p><p>0566 [Hung ch'ü mi [Oryza sativa plus Monascus purpureus [*Fermented rice with red yeast </p><p>0567 [Hung fen [See Sheng yao [Red oxide of mercury </p><p>0567 [Hung sheng [See Sheng yao [Red oxide of mercury </p><p>0568 [Hung han lien [Hypericum ascyron [St. Johnswort </p><p>0568 [Ta han ling ts'ao [Hypericum ascyron [St. Johnswort </p><p>0569 [Hung hua [Carthamus tinctorius [Safflower </p><p>0569 [Yao hua [Carthamus tinctorius [Safflower </p><p>0569 [Yao hung hua [Carthamus tinctorius [Safflower </p><p>0569 [Li hung hua [Carthamus tinctorius [Safflower </p><p>0569 [Li hua [Carthamus tinctorius [Safflower </p><p>0570 [Hung k'ou [See Hung tou k'ou [ </p><p>0571 [Hung niang tzu [ [Red cicada </p><p>0572 [Hung pi san chi [Gynura segetum [*Canton tusanchi velvet plant </p><p>0572 [San hsüeh tan [Gynura segetum [*Canton tusanchi velvet plant </p><p>0572 [T'u san chi [Gynura segetum [*Canton tusanchi velvet plant </p><p>0573 [Hung szu hsien [Peristrophe roxburghiana [*Red silk thread </p><p>0574 [Hung tou k'ou [Alpinia galanga [Greater galangal </p><p>0574 [Hung k'ou [Alpinia galanga [Greater galangal </p><p>0575 [Hung tsao [Zizyphus jujuba [Chinese date or Jujube </p><p>0575 [Ta tsao [Zizyphus jujuba [Chinese date or Jujube </p><p>0576 [Hung wu chiu [Sapium discolor [Mountain tallow tree </p><p>0576 [Shan wu chiu [Sapium discolor [Mountain tallow tree </p><p>0577 [Hung ya ta chi [Knoxia valerianoides [*Knoxia </p><p>0577 [Ya chi [Knoxia valerianoides [*Knoxia </p><p>0578 [Hung ya tsao [Gleditsia sinensis [Chinese honey locust </p><p>0578 [Chu ya tsao [Gleditsia sinensis [Chinese honey locust </p><p>0579 [Hung yeh tieh shu [Cordyline fruticosa [Cordyline </p><p>0579 [Chu chiao [Cordyline fruticosa [Cordyline </p><p>0580 [Huo chi sheng [Viscum coloratum [Asiatic mistletoe </p><p>0580 [Liu chi sheng [Viscum coloratum [Asiatic mistletoe </p><p>0581 [Huo hsiang [See 0581a and/or 0581b [ </p><p>0581a [Kuang huo hsiang [Pogostemon cablin [Patchouli </p><p>0581b [T'u huo hsiang [Agastache rugosa [*Agastache </p><p>0582 [Huo ma [Cannabis sativa [Hemp seed or Marijuana </p><p>0582 [Ta ma [Cannabis sativa [Hemp seed or marijuana </p><p>0582 [Huo ma jen [Cannabis sativa [Hemp seed or marijuana </p><p>0583 [Huo so ma [Helicteres isora [*Helicteres </p><p>0584 [Huo t'an mu [Polygonum chinense [*Chinese smartweed </p><p>0585 [Huo yang le [Euphorbia antiquorum [Fleshy spurge </p><p>0586 [I chih [Alpinia oxyphylla [*Ichihjen </p><p>0586 [I chih jen [Alpinia oxyphylla [*Ichihjen </p><p>0586 [I chih tzu [Alpinia oxyphylla [*Ichihjen </p><p>0587 [I chih chien [Ophioglossum vulgatum or Ophioglossum thermale [Adder's tongue </p><p>0588 [I chih huang hua [Solidago virgo aurea [Golden rod </p><p>0589 [I i jen [Coix lacryma jobi [Job's tears </p><p>0589 [I mi [Coix lacryma jobi [Job's tears </p><p>0589 [I jen mi [Coix lacryma jobi [Job's tears </p><p>0589 [I mi jen [Coix lacryma jobi [Job's tears </p><p>0590 [I mu kao [Leonurus artemisia [Concentrated infusion of Chinese motherwort </p><p>0591 [I mu ts'ao [Leonurus artemisia or Leonurus tartarica [Chinese motherwort </p><p>0592 [I t'ang [Hordeum vulgare or Sorghum bicolor [Maltose </p><p>0592 [Mai ya t'ang [Hordeum vulgare or Sorghum bicolor [Maltose </p><p>0593 [I tien hsüeh [Begonia wilsonii [Wilson's begonia </p><p>0594 [I tuo yün [Pittosporum glabratum [Pittosporum </p><p>0594 [Wan li hsiang [Pittosporum glabratum [Pittosporum </p><p>0595 [Jan she p'i [ [Python skin </p><p>0596 [Je fei ts'ao [Orthodon diantherus [*Prickly heatwort </p><p>0597 [Jen chung huang [ [Human faeces preparation </p><p>0598 [Jen chung pai [ [Human urine sediment </p><p>0599 [Jen shen [Panax ginseng [Ginseng </p><p>0599 [Chi lin shen [Panax ginseng [Ginseng from kirin </p><p>0599 [Ch'ung shan shen [Panax ginseng [Imitation wild ginseng </p><p>0599 [Kao li shen [Panax ginseng [Korean ginseng </p><p>0599 [Kuan tung shen [Panax ginseng [Ginseng from the Northeast </p><p>0599 [Shan shen [Panax ginseng [Wild ginseng </p><p>0599 [Shen hsü [Panax ginseng [Ginseng rootlets </p><p>0599 [Shen sui [Panax ginseng [Ginseng refuse </p><p>0599 [Shen ting [Panax ginseng [Ginseng cuttings </p><p>0599 [Ts'ao shen [Panax ginseng [Cultivated ginseng </p><p>0599 [Yang shen [Panax ginseng [Inferior ginseng </p><p>0599 [Yüan shen [Panax ginseng [Cultivated ginseng </p><p>0600 [Jen tung [Lonicera japonica [Honeysuckle </p><p>0601 [Jen tzu ts'ao [Zornia diphylla [*Zornia </p><p>0601 [P'u ti chin [Zornia diphylla [*Zornia </p><p>0601 [Ting kuei ts'ao [Zornia diphylla [*Zornia </p><p>0602 [Jou kuei [Cinnamomum loureiroi [Saigon cinnamon </p><p>0603 [Jou tou k'ou [Myristica fragrans [Nutmeg </p><p>0603 [Jou tou ken [Myristica fragrans [Nutmeg root </p><p>0603 [Jou tou hua [Myristica fragrans [Nutmeg flower </p><p>0604 [Jou ts'ung jung [Cistanche salsa [Broomrape </p><p>0605 [Ju hsiang [Boswellia carterii or Boswellia neglecta or Boswellia bhau dajiana [Frankincense </p><p>0606 [Ju t'i lung [Embelia laeta [*Sour leaved embelia </p><p>0606 [Suan t'eng kuo [Embelia laeta [*Sour leaved embelia </p><p>0607 [Jui jen [Prinsepia uniflora [Prinsepia kernel </p><p>0608 [Jung mo [See Lu jung [ </p><p>0608 [Lu jung sui [See Lu jung [ </p><p>0609 [Kan che [Saccharum sinense [Chinese sugar cane </p><p>0609 [Chu che [Saccharum sinense [Chinese sugar cane </p><p>0610 [Kan ch'i [Rhus verniciflua [Dried lacquer </p><p>0611 [Kan chiang [Zingiber officinale [Dried ginger </p><p>0612 [Kan heh [Citrus nobilis [Mandarin orange pips </p><p>0613 [Kan lan [Canarium album [Chinese olive </p><p>0613 [Pai lan [Canarium album [Chinese olive </p><p>0613 [Ch'ing kuo [Canarium album [Chinese olive </p><p>0614 [Kan p'i [Citrus nobilis [Orange peels </p><p>0615 [Kan sui [Euphorbia kansui [*Kansui </p><p>0616 [Kan sung [Nardostachys chinensis [*Chinese spikenard </p><p>0616 [Ch'uan sung [Nardostachys chinensis [*Chinese spikenard </p><p>0617 [Kan ts'ao [Glycyrrhiza uralensis [Licorice </p><p>0617 [Mi ts'ao [Glycyrrhiza uralensis [Licorice </p><p>0617 [Fen ts'ao [Glycyrrhiza uralensis [Licorice </p><p>0617 [Kuo lao [Glycyrrhiza uralensis [Licorice </p><p>0618 [Kang chü [Eriosma chinense [*Eriosma </p><p>0618 [Chu tsu tou [Eriosma chinense [*Eriosma </p><p>0619 [Kang lui p'i [Periploca sepium [*Periploca </p><p>0619 [Hsiang chia p'i [Periploca sepium [*Periploca </p><p>0620 [Kang mei [Ilex asprella [*Kangmei </p><p>0620 [Cheng hsing mu [Ilex asprella [*Kangmei </p><p>0621 [Kang nien [Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [Rose myrtle </p><p>0622 [Kang pan kuei [Polygonum perfoliatum [Prickly polygonum </p><p>0623 [Kang sung [Baeckea frutescens [*Baeckea </p><p>0624 [Kao liang [Sorghum bicolor or Sorghum vulgare [Sorghum or Kaoliang </p><p>0625 [Kao liang chiang [Alpinia officinarum [Lesser galangal </p><p>0626 [Kao ling shih [ [Kaolinite </p><p>0626 [Juan hua shih [ [Kaolinite </p><p>0627 [Kao pen [Ligusticum sinense or Ligusticum jeholense [Chinese lovage </p><p>0627 [Liao kao pen [Ligusticum sinense or Ligusticum jeholense [Chinese lovage </p><p>0628 [Keng mi [Oryza sativa [Common rice </p><p>0629 [Ko chieh [ [Red spotted house lizard </p><p>0630 [Ko fen [ [Powdered clam shell </p><p>0631 [Ko hsiang [Boswellia carteri [Frankincense </p><p>0631 [Ju hsiang [Boswellia carteri [Frankincense </p><p>0632 [Ko hsien mi [Nostoc commune [Common nostoc </p><p>0632 [Fa ts'ai [Nostoc commune [Common nostoc </p><p>0633 [Ko hua [Pueraria lobata [Common Kudzu </p><p>0634 [Ko kan [Pueraria thomsonii or Pueraria edulis [*Starch kudzu </p><p>0634 [Fen ko [Pueraria thomsonii or Pueraria edulis [*Starch kudzu </p><p>0634 [Fen ko kan [Pueraria thomsonii or Pueraria edulis [*Starch kudzu </p><p>0634 [Kan ko [Pueraria thomsonii or Pueraria edulis [*Starch kudzu </p><p>0635 [Ko Ken [Pueraria lobata [Common kudzu </p><p>0636 [Ko k'o [ [Clam shell </p><p>0637 [Ha ma yu [ [Oviduct of frog </p><p>0638 [K'o tzu [Terminalia chebula [Myrobalan </p><p>0638 [Ho tzu [Terminalia chebula [Myrobalan </p><p>0639 [Kou chi [Woodwardia unigemmata or Woodwardia japonica [Chain fern </p><p>0639 [Kou chi p'ien [Woodwardia unigemmata or Woodwardia japonica [Chain fern </p><p>0639 [Kou chi kuan chung [Woodwardia unigemmata or Woodwardia japonica [Chain fern </p><p>0640 [Kou ch'i p'ien [Lycium chinense [Sliced Matrimony vine </p><p>0640 [Ti ku p'i [Lycium chinense [Sliced Matrimony vine </p><p>0641 [Kou ch'i t'ou [Lycium chinense [Matrimony vine tender shoots </p><p>0641 [Kou ch'i [Lycium chinense [Matrimony vine tender shoots </p><p>0642 [Kou ch'i tzu [Lycium chinense [Chinese Matrimony vine fruit </p><p>0642 [Kou ch'i [Lycium chinense [Chinese Matrimony vine fruit </p><p>0642 [Ch'i tzu [Lycium chinense [Chinese Matrimony vine fruit </p><p>0642 [Pen ch'i [Lycium chinense [Chinese Matrimony vine fruit </p><p>0642 [T'u ch'i [Lycium chinense [Chinese Matrimony vine fruit </p><p>0643 [Kou chü [Poncirus trifoliata [*Poncirus </p><p>0643 [Ch'ou chieh tzu [Poncirus trifoliata [*Poncirus </p><p>0644 [Kou chüeh chi [Urena procumbens [*Urena </p><p>0644 [Fan t'ien hua [Urena procumbens [*Urena </p><p>0645 [Kou kan ts'ai [Dicliptera chinensis [*Dicliptera </p><p>0646 [Kou pao [ [Dog bezoar </p><p>0647 [Kou pien [ [Dog's penis and testicle </p><p>0647 [Kou shen [ [Dog's penis and testicle </p><p>0648 [Kou t'eng [Uncaria sinensis or Uncaria rhynchophylla [Gambir vine </p><p>0648 [Kou p'ien [Uncaria sinensis or Uncaria rhynchophylla [Gambir vine </p><p>0648 [Mi kou [Uncaria sinensis or Uncaria rhynchophylla [Gambir vine </p><p>0649 [Kou wen [Gelsemium elegans [Yellow jessamine </p><p>0649 [Ta ch'a yao [Gelsemium elegans [Yellow jessamine </p><p>0649 [Huang yeh ko [Gelsemium elegans [Yellow jessamine </p><p>0649 [Huang t'eng [Gelsemium elegans [Yellow jessamine </p><p>0649 [Tu ken [Gelsemium elegans [Yellow jessamine </p><p>0650 [K'ou k'o [Alpinia galanga [Galangal husk </p><p>0651 [Ku chih [Psoralea corylifolia [Scuffy pea </p><p>0651 [P'o ku chih [Psoralea corylifolia [Scuffy pea </p><p>0652 [Ku ching ts'ao [Ericaulon buergerianum or Ericaulon wallichianum [Pipewort </p><p>0652 [Ku ching tzu [Ericaulon buergerianum or Ericaulon wallichianum [Pipewort </p><p>0652 [Ku chu [Ericaulon buergerianum or Ericaulon wallichianum [Pipewort </p><p>0653 [Ku ch'ung [ [Maggot </p><p>0653 [Wu ku ch'ung [ [Maggot </p><p>0653 [Ch'ü [ [Maggot </p><p>0654 [Ku ko yeh [Erythroxylon coca [Coca leaves </p><p>0655 [Ku p'i [Lycium chinense [Matrimony vine root bark </p><p>0655 [Ti ku p'i [Lycium chinense [Matrimony vine root bark </p><p>0656 [Ku shan lung [Arcangelisia loureiroi [*Mountain dragon </p><p>0657 [Ku sui pu [Drynaria fortunei [*Drynaria </p><p>0657 [Sui pu [Drynaria fortunei [*Drynaria </p><p>0658 [Ku tzu [See Ku chih [ </p><p>0658 [Pu ku chih [See Ku chih [ </p><p>0659 [Ku ya [Oryza sativa [Rice sprout </p><p>0660 [Ku yang teng [Streptocaulon griffithii [*Streptocaulon </p><p>0660 [Nan k'u shen [Streptocaulon griffithii [*Streptocaulon </p><p>0661 [K'u chü yeh [Pleioblastus amarus [*Bitter bamboo leaves </p><p>0662 [K'u hsing jen [Prunus armeniaca [Apricot seed </p><p>0662 [Hsing jen [Prunus armeniaca [Apricot seed </p><p>0663 [K'u kua [Momordica charantia [Bitter momordica </p><p>0663 [K'u kua ken [Momordica charantia [Bitter momordica </p><p>0663 [K'u kua tzu [Momordica charantia [Bitter momordica </p><p>0664 [K'u kua ti [Cucumis melo [Bitter melon </p><p>0665 [K'u kuo [Strychnos ignatii [St. Ignatius bean </p><p>0666 [K'u lang [Clerodendrum inerme [Glorybower </p><p>0667 [K'u lien ken [Melia azedarach [Chinaberry root or bark or seed </p><p>0667 [K'u lien tzu [Melia azedarach [Chinaberry root or bark or seed </p><p>0667 [K'u lien p'i [Melia azedarach [Chinaberry root or bark or seed </p><p>0668 [K'u shen [Sophora flavescens [*Shrubby sophora </p><p>0668 [K'u shen tzu [Sophora flavescens [*Shrubby sophora </p><p>0668 [K'u shen ken [Sophora flavescens [*Shrubby sophora </p><p>0669 [K'u teng lung [Clerodendrum fortunatum [*Devil's lantern </p><p>0669 [Kuei teng lung [Clerodendrum fortunatum [*Devil's lantern </p><p>0670 [Kua chieh [ [Imitation Dragon's blood </p><p>0671 [Kua lou [Trichosanthes kirilowii [*Trichosanthes </p><p>0671 [Kua lou jen [Trichosanthes kirilowii [*Trichosanthes </p><p>0671 [Lou jen [Trichosanthes kirilowii [*Trichosanthes </p><p>0671 [Koa lou p'i [Trichosanthes kirilowii [*Trichosanthes </p><p>0672 [Kua ti [Cucumis melo [Young melon stalk </p><p>0673 [Kuan chung [Dryopteris crassirhizoma or Cyrtomium fortunei [Shield fern </p><p>0674 [Kuan kuei [Cinnamomum loureiroi [Cinnamon </p><p>0675 [Kuan mu t'ung [Aristolochia mandshuriensis or Hocquartia mandshuriensis [*Kuanmutung </p><p>0675 [Ma mu t'ung [Aristolochia mandshuriensis or Hocquartia mandshuriensis [*Kuanmutung </p><p>0676 [Kuan pai fu tzu [Aconitum coreanum [Korean aconite </p><p>0677 [Kuan yin liu [Tamarix chinensis [Tamarisk </p><p>0678 [K'uan chin teng [Tinospora sinensis [Chinese tinospora </p><p>0679 [K'uan tung hua [Tussilago farfara [Tussilago </p><p>0679 [Tung hua [Tussilago farfara [Tussilago </p><p>0679 [Chien hua [Tussilago farfara [Tussilago </p><p>0680 [Kuang ch'en p'i [Citrus reticulata [Mandarin orange peels </p><p>0681 [Kuang fang chi [Aristolochia fangchi or Aristolochia westlandii [Southern fangchi </p><p>0682 [Kuang ho hsiang [Pogostemon cablin or Pogostemon patchouli [Patchouli </p><p>0683 [Kuang ku [Tulipa edulis [*Chinese tulip </p><p>0683 [Shan tz'u ku [Tulipa edulis [*Chinese tulip </p><p>0684 [Kuang ming tzu [Ocimum basilicum [Sweet basil </p><p>0685 [Kuang mu hsiang [Saussurea lappa or Aucklandia lappa [Costus </p><p>0686 [Kuang tung wan nien ch'ing [Aglaonema modestum [*Aglaonema </p><p>0687 [Kuang wu [Acontitum chinense [Chinese aconite </p><p>0687 [Ch'uan wu [Acontitum chinense [Chinese aconite </p><p>0688 [Kuei chiao [ [Tortoise shell glue </p><p>0689 [Kuei chien yü [Euonymus alatus [Winged spindle tree </p><p>0690 [Kuei chih [Cinnamomum cassia [Cassia twigs </p><p>0690 [Kuei mu [Cinnamomum cassia [Cassia twigs </p><p>0690 [Kuei hsin [Cinnamomum cassia [Cassia twigs </p><p>0691 [Kuei chin ts'ao [Bidens pilosa [Hairy begger ticks </p><p>0692 [Kuei hua [Osmanthus fragrans [*Kueihua Sweet olive or osmanthus </p><p>0692 [Kuei hua erh [Osmanthus fragrans [Preparation of Kueihua Sweet olive or osmanthus </p><p>0692 [Huei hua yu [Osmanthus fragrans [Oil from Kueihua Sweet olive or osmanthus </p><p>0693 [Kuei man t'ou [Ficus pumila [*Demon's bread </p><p>0694 [Kuei mu [Artocarpus hypargyraeus [Artocarpus </p><p>0694 [Pai kuei mu [Artocarpus hypargyraeus [Artocarpus </p><p>0695 [Kuei pan [ [Land tortoise shell </p><p>0695 [Kuei p'ien [ [Land tortoise shell </p><p>0696 [Kuei p'i [Cinnamomum cassia [Cassia bark or oil </p><p>0696 [Kuei p'i yu [Cinnamomum cassia [Cassia bark or oil </p><p>0697 [Kuei teng lung [Clerodendrum fortunatum [Devil's lantern </p><p>0698 [Kuei t'i [Cinnanmomum loueiroi [Cassia buds on pedicels </p><p>0698 [Kuei tzu [Cinnanmomum loueiroi [Cassia buds on pedicels </p><p>0699 [Kuei wei [Angelica sinensis [Tang kuei end of lateral roots </p><p>0700 [Kuei yü chien [Euonymus alatus or See Yü chien [Winged spindle tree </p><p>0701 [K'uei [Malva verticillata [Musk mallow </p><p>0701 [Tung kuei [Malva verticillata [Musk mallow </p><p>0701 [Tung hsien ts'ai [Malva verticillata [Musk mallow </p><p>0701 [K'uei yüan [Malva verticillata [Musk mallow </p><p>0702 [K'un pu [See 0702a or 0702b or 0703c [ </p><p>0702a [Ch'un tai ts'ai [Undaria pinnatifida [ </p><p>0702b [Hai tai [Laminaria japonica [Kelp </p><p>0702c [O chang ts'ai [Ecklonia kurome [ </p><p>0703 [Kung lao tzu [Ilex cornuta [Chinese holly </p><p>0704 [Kung lao yeh [Ilex cornuta [Chinese holly </p><p>0705 [Kuo chiang lung [Entada phaseoloides [*Entada </p><p>0706 [Kuo lu huang [Lysimachia christinae [*Christina's lysimachia </p><p>0707 [Kuo shan lung [Vernonia andersonii [*Climbing vernonia </p><p>0708 [Kuo t'ang lung [Jussiaea repens [*Pond dragon </p><p>0709 [La chiao [Capsicum annuum [Red pepper or chili </p><p>0709 [La chiao kan [Capsicum annuum [Red pepper or chili </p><p>0710 [La mei hua [Chimonanthus praecox [*Lamei </p><p>0711 [Lai fu tzu [Raphanus sativus [Radish seed </p><p>0711 [Lai fu [Raphanus sativus [Radish seed </p><p>0711 [Lo po jen [Raphanus sativus [Radish seed </p><p>0712 [Lan jen [Canarium pimela [*Black canarium kernel </p><p>0712 [Wu lan jen [Canarium pimela [*Black canarium kernel </p><p>0713 [Lang tang [Hyoscyamus niger [Black henbane </p><p>0714 [Lang tu t'ou [Euphorbia fischeriana [Chinese wolfsbane </p><p>0714 [Lang tu [Euphorbia fischeriana [Chinese wolfsbane </p><p>0715 [Lang yü [Ulmus parvifolia [Chinese elm </p><p>0716 [Lao chun hsü [Usnea diffracta [*Old man's beard </p><p>0717 [Lao huan ts'ao [Geranium sibiricum or Geranium wilfordii [Cranesbill </p><p>0718 [Lao lung p'i [Lobaria retigera or Lobaria isidiosa [Lichens </p><p>0719 [Lao shu la tung kua [Melothria indica [*Melothria </p><p>0720 [Lao shu tz'u [Acanthus ilicifolius [*Beach acanthus </p><p>0721 [Lao yeh [Piper betle [Betel pepper </p><p>0721 [Chü yeh [Piper betle [Betel pepper </p><p>0721 [Chü yeh kan [Piper betle [Betel pepper </p><p>0722 [Lei mo [Clitocybe gigantea [Clitocybe </p><p>0722 [Kou mo [Clitocybe gigantea [Clitocybe </p><p>0723 [Lei shih [ [Quartz </p><p>0724 [Lei wan [Polyporus mylittae or Omphalia lapidescens [*Thunder ball </p><p>0725 [Li [Chenopodium album [Pigweed </p><p>0726 [Li chih [Litchi chinensis [Lichee </p><p>0726 [Li heh [Litchi chinensis [Lichee </p><p>0726 [Li chih ken [Litchi chinensis [Lichee </p><p>0727 [Li jen [Prunus japonica [Japanese plum </p><p>0727 [Yü li jen [Prunus japonica [Japanese plum </p><p>0728 [Li kan [Pyrus serrulata or Pyrus betulaefolia [Chinese pears dried or peels </p><p>0728 [Li p'i [Pyrus serrulata or Pyrus betulaefolia [Chinese pears dried or peels </p><p>0729 [Li k'o [Castanea mollissima [Chestnut husk </p><p>0729 [Pan li [Castanea mollissima [Chestnut husk </p><p>0730 [Li k'o [ [Oyster shell </p><p>0730 [Mou li [ [Oyster shell </p><p>0730 [Li k'o fen [ [Oyster shell </p><p>0731 [Li lu [Veratrum nigrum or Veratrum maackii [False hellebore </p><p>0732 [Li shu p'i [Quercus acutissima or Quercus mongolica [Fibrous oak </p><p>0732 [Ch'ing kang p'i [Quercus acutissima or Quercus mongolica [Fibrous oak </p><p>0733 [Li t'ou chien [Typhonium divaricatum [*Lesser Typhonium </p><p>0734 [Liang chiang [Alpinia officinarum [Lesser galangal </p><p>0734 [Kao liang chiang [Alpinia officinarum [Lesser galangal </p><p>0735 [Liang fen kuo [Ficus pumila [Jelly seed </p><p>0736 [Liang fen ts'ao [Mesona chinensis [*Jellywort </p><p>0737 [Ling hsien [Clematis chinensis [*Chinese clematis </p><p>0737 [Wei liang hsieh [Clematis chinensis [*Chinese clematis </p><p>0738 [Liang mien chin [Zanthoxylum nitidum [Shiny bramble </p><p>0738 [Shan chiao [Zanthoxylum nitidum [Shiny bramble </p><p>0739 [Liang t'ou chien [Anemone raddeana [Anemone </p><p>0740 [Liao [Polygonum hydropiper [Smartweed </p><p>0740 [La liao [Polygonum hydropiper [Smartweed </p><p>0741 [Liao ko wang [Wikstroemia indica [Wikstroemia </p><p>0742 [Liao shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu </p><p>0742 [Pai shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu </p><p>0743 [Lien ch'iao [Forsythia suspensa [Forsythia </p><p>0744 [Lien fang [Nelumbo nucifera [Lotus receptacles </p><p>0744 [Lien p'eng [Nelumbo nucifera [Lotus receptacles </p><p>0744 [Lien hsü [Nelumbo nucifera [Lotus stamens </p><p>0744 [Lien hua [Nelumbo nucifera [Lotus flower </p><p>0744 [Lien tzu [Nelumbo nucifera [Lotus seed </p><p>0744 [Lien shih [Nelumbo nucifera [Lotus seed </p><p>0744 [Lien tzu hsin [Nelumbo nucifera [Lotus embryonic shoot </p><p>0745 [Ling chih [Ganoderma lucidum or Fomes japonicus [*Lingchih </p><p>0745 [Che chih [Ganoderma lucidum or Fomes japonicus [*Lingchih </p><p>0745 [Ling chih ts'ao [Ganoderma lucidum or Fomes japonicus [*Lingchih </p><p>0746 [Ling chih [ [Bat dung </p><p>0746 [Wu ling chih [ [Bat dung </p><p>0747 [Ling hsiang [Lysimachia foenumgraecum [*Linghsiang </p><p>0747 [Ling hsiang ts'ao [Lysimachia foenumgraecum [*Linghsiang </p><p>0747 [Ling ling hsiang [Lysimachia foenumgraecum [*Linghsiang </p><p>0748 [Ling hsiao hua [Campsis grandiflora [Trumpet flower </p><p>0749 [Ling ts'ao [Lysimachia foenumgraecum [Linghsiang </p><p>0750 [Ling yang chio [ [Antelope horn </p><p>0750 [Ling yang [ [Antelope horn </p><p>0750 [Sui ling yang [ [Antelope horn </p><p>0751 [Liu chi nu [Artemisia anomala [Artemisia or mugwort </p><p>0751 [Chi nu [Artemisia anomala [Artemisia or mugwort </p><p>0752 [Liu chi sheng [Viscum coloratum [Asiatic mistletoe </p><p>0753 [Liu chih [Salix babylonica [Willow </p><p>0753 [Liu yeh [Salix babylonica [Willow </p><p>0753 [Liu ken [Salix babylonica [Willow </p><p>0754 [Liu hsin [Vaccaria segetalis [*Vaccaria </p><p>0754 [Wang pu liu hsing [Vaccaria segetalis [*Vaccaria </p><p>0755 [Liu huang [ [Sulfur </p><p>0755 [T'ien jan liu huang [ [Sulfur </p><p>0756 [Liu lan [Chamaenerion angustifolium [*Chamaenerion </p><p>0757 [Liu p'i [Punica granatum [Pomegranate rind </p><p>0757 [Shih liu p'i [Punica granatum [Pomegranate rind </p><p>0758 [Liu yüeh hsüeh [Serissa foetida [*Serissa </p><p>0758 [Liu yüeh shuang [Serissa foetida [*Serissa </p><p>0759 [Lo fu mu [Rauvolfia verticillata [Snakeroot </p><p>0760 [Lo han kuo [Momordica grosvenori [*Lohankuo </p><p>0761 [Lo hsin fu [Astilbe chinensis [*Chinese false goat's beard </p><p>0762 [Lo k'o [ [Shells of spiral univalves </p><p>0763 [Lo le [Ocimum basilicum [Sweet basil </p><p>0764 [Lo mo chia [Metaplexis japonica [*Metaplexis </p><p>0764 [Lo mo [Metaplexis japonica [*Metaplexis </p><p>0765 [Lo po jen [Raphanus sativus [Chinese radish </p><p>0765 [Lo po ken [Raphanus sativus [Chinese radish </p><p>0766 [Lo pu ma [Apocynum venetum [Dogbane </p><p>0766 [Ts'e ch'i ma [Apocynum venetum [Dogbane </p><p>0767 [Lo shih [Trachelospermum jasminoides [Star jasmine </p><p>0768 [Lo ti sheng ken [Bryophyllum pinnatum [Airplant </p><p>0768 [Lo ti [Bryophyllum pinnatum [Airplant </p><p>0769 [Lo ti ta [Centella asiatica [Asiatic centella </p><p>0769 [P'eng ta wan [Centella asiatica [Asiatic centella </p><p>0770 [Lo wang tzu [Tamarindus inicus [Tamarind </p><p>0771 [Lou jen [See Kua lou jen [ </p><p>0772 [Lou ken [See T'ien hua fen [ </p><p>0772 [Kua lou ken [See T'ien hua fen [ </p><p>0773 [Lou ku [ [Mole cricket </p><p>0773 [Lou ku ch'ung [ [Mole cricket </p><p>0774 [Lou lu [Rhaponticum uniflorum [*Rhaponticum </p><p>0775 [Lu chiao [ [Deer horn glue </p><p>0775 [Lu chio chiao [ [Deer horn glue </p><p>0776 [Lu chin [ [Deer sinew </p><p>0777 [Lu chio [ [Deer horn </p><p>0777a [Lu chio shuang [ [Refuse of deer horn glue </p><p>0778 [Lu chio ying [Justicia procumbens [*Justicia </p><p>0778 [Shu wei hung [Justicia procumbens [*Justicia </p><p>0779 [Lu chu ju [Phyllostachys nigra [Bamboo shavings </p><p>0780 [Lu erh ling [Laggera alata [*Laggera </p><p>0780 [Lu erh ts'ao [Laggera alata [*Laggera </p><p>0781 [Lu fan [ [Green vitriol or Ferrous sulfate </p><p>0781 [Ch'ing fan [ [Green vitriol or Ferrous sulfate </p><p>0782 [Lu feng fang [ [Hornet nest </p><p>0782 [Ma feng wo [ [Hornet nest </p><p>0783 [Lu han ts'ao [Pyrola rotundifolia [Pyrola </p><p>0783 [Lu hsien ts'ao [Pyrola rotundifolia [Pyrola </p><p>0784 [Lu hsüeh [ [Deer blood </p><p>0785 [Lu hui [Aloe barbadensis or Aloe ferox [Medicinal aloe </p><p>0786 [Lu jung [ [Young deer horn </p><p>0786a [Jung t'ou [ [Tips of young deer horn </p><p>0786b [Lu jung mo [ [Deer horn powder </p><p>0786c [Lu jung p'ien [ [Shavings of old deer horn </p><p>0786d [Lu jung sui [ [Broken deer horn </p><p>0787 [Lu kan shih [ [Calamine smithsonite </p><p>0787 [Kan shih [ [Calamine smithsonite </p><p>0788 [Lu ken [Phragmites communis or Phragmites karka [Reed </p><p>0788 [Lu ti ken [Phragmites communis or Phragmites karka [Reed </p><p>0788 [Lu t'ou [Phragmites communis or Phragmites karka [Reed </p><p>0789 [Lu leng chü [See Lu erh ling </p><p>0790 [Lu pa [Trigonella foenum graecum [Fenugreek </p><p>0790 [Hu lu pa [Trigonella foenum graecum [Fenugreek </p><p>0791 [Lu pien [ [Deer penis </p><p>0792 [Lu sha [ [Ammonium chloride </p><p>0793 [Lu t'ai [ [Deer fetus </p><p>0794 [Lu tang [See Tang shen [ </p><p>0795 [Lu tao ken [Pandanus tectorius [Screw pine </p><p>0795 [Lu tou le [Pandanus tectorius [Screw pine </p><p>0796 [Lu ti chü [Wedelia prostrata [*Wedelia </p><p>0796 [Huang hua p'un chi [Wedelia prostrata [*Wedelia </p><p>0797 [Lu tou [Phaseolus mungo [Mungbean </p><p>0798 [Lu tou fen [Phaseolus mungo [Mungbean flour </p><p>0799 [Lu tou ken [Pandanus tectorius [Screw pine </p><p>0799 [Lu tou le [Pandanus tectorius [Screw pine </p><p>0800 [Lu tou p'i [Glycine max [Soybean husk </p><p>0800 [Tou i [Glycine max [Soybean husk </p><p>0801 [Lu tou i [Phaseolus mungo [Mungbean husk </p><p>0802 [Lu wei [ [Deer tail </p><p>0803 [Lü p'i chiao [ [Donkey hide glue </p><p>0803 [Ah chiao [ [Donkey hide glue </p><p>0804 [Lü pien [ [Donkey penis </p><p>0805 [Lü ts'ao [Humulus scandens or [Humulus japonicus </p><p>0805 [La la yang [Humulus scandens or [Humulus japonicus </p><p>0806 [Luan hua [Koelreuteria paniculata [China tree </p><p>0807 [Lui kung t'eng [Tripterygium wilfordii [*Tripterygium </p><p>0808 [Lui wan [Polyporus mylittae or Omphalia lapidescens [*Thunder ball </p><p>0808 [Chu ling [Polyporus mylittae or Omphalia lapidescens [*Thunder ball </p><p>0809 [Lung ch'ih [ [Fossil teeth </p><p>0810 [Lung chuan hua [Ixora chinensis [*Ixora </p><p>0811 [Lung hsü t'eng [Bauhinia championii [*Champion's Bauhinia </p><p>0812 [Lung i [ [Snake skin </p><p>0813 [Lung k'u [ [Fossil bone </p><p>0814 [Lung k'uei [Solanum nigrum [Nightshade </p><p>0814 [K'u k'uei [Solanum nigrum [Nightshade </p><p>0815 [Lung li yeh [Sauropus changiana [Dragon's tongue </p><p>0816 [Lung nao po ho [Mentha arvensis [Field mint </p><p>0817 [Lung se [ [Giant water beetle </p><p>0818 [Lung tan ts'ao [Gentiana scabra [Gentian </p><p>0818 [Tan ts'ao [Gentiana scabra [Gentian </p><p>0819 [Lung ya ts'ao [Agrimonia pilosa [Agrimony </p><p>0819 [Hsien ho ts'ao [Agrimonia pilosa [Agrimony </p><p>0820 [Lung yen hsiang [ [Ambergris or Whale spit </p><p>0821 [Lung yen hua [Euphoria longan [Longan flower </p><p>0821a [Lung yen jou [Euphoria longan [Longan aril </p><p>0821b [Lung yen yeh [Euphoria longan [Longan leaves </p><p>0822 [Ma an t'eng [Ipomoea pes caprae [Beach morning glory </p><p>0822 [Ma t'i ts'ao [Ipomoea pes caprae [Beach morning glory </p><p>0822 [Pin hai chien niu [Ipomoea pes caprae [Beach morning glory </p><p>0823 [Ma chia tzu [Paliurus ramosissimus [*Paliurus </p><p>0824 [Ma ch'ien tzu [Strychnos nux vomica or Strychnos wallichiana [Nux vomica </p><p>0824 [Ma ch'ien [Strychnos nux vomica or Strychnos wallichiana [Nux vomica </p><p>0825 [Ma ch'ih hsien [Portulaca oleracea [Purslane </p><p>0826 [Ma fen pao [Lycoperdon gemmatum [Puff ball </p><p>0827 [Ma hsien hao [Pedicularis resupinata [*Pedicularis </p><p>0827 [Hu ma [Pedicularis resupinata [*Pedicularis </p><p>0828 [Ma huang [Ephedra sinica or Ephedra equisetina [Ma huang </p><p>0829 [Ma jen [Cannabis sativa [Hemp seeds </p><p>0829 [Ta ma jen [Cannabis sativa [Hemp seeds </p><p>0830 [Ma lan [Kalimeris indica [*Malan </p><p>0830 [Ma lan t'ou [Kalimeris indica [*Malan </p><p>0831 [Ma lin [Iris ensata or Iris pallassii or var. chinensis [North china iris </p><p>0831a [Ma lin hua [Iris ensata [North china iris flower </p><p>0831b [Ma lin tzu [Iris ensata [North china iris seed </p><p>0831b [Li shih [Iris ensata [North china iris seed </p><p>0832 [Ma nao [ [Agate </p><p>0833 [Ma pao [ [Horse bezoar </p><p>0834 [Ma pien ts'ao [Verbana officinalis [Vervain </p><p>0835 [Ma p'o [Lasiosphaera nipponica or Lasiosphaera fenzlei [Puffball </p><p>0835a [Hui pao ma p'o [Lycoperdon perlatum [ </p><p>0835b [Ta ma p'o [Calvatia gigantea [ </p><p>0835c [Tz'u ma p'o [Calvatia lilacina [ </p><p>0836 [Ma sang [Coriaria sinica [*Coriaria </p><p>0837 [Ma t'ai [Ardisia gigantifolia [Large leaved ardisia </p><p>0837 [Tsou ma t'ai [Ardisia gigantifolia [Large leaved ardisia </p><p>0838 [Ma t'i [Eleocharis tuberosa or Heleocharis dulcis [Water chestnut </p><p>0838 [Ma ti fen [Eleocharis tuberosa or Heleocharis dulcis [Water chestnut </p><p>0838 [Pi chi [Eleocharis tuberosa or Heleocharis dulcis [Water chestnut </p><p>0839 [Ma t'i chin [Dichondra repens [*Dichondra </p><p>0839 [Huang tan ts'ao [Dichondra repens [*Dichondra </p><p>0840 [Ma t'i chüeh [Angiopteris fokiensis or Angiopteris magna [*Angiopteris </p><p>0840 [Ma t'i ken [Angiopteris fokiensis or Angiopteris magna [*Angiopteris </p><p>0841 [Ma t'i ts'ao [Caltha palustris [Marsh marigold </p><p>0841 [Lü t'i ts'ao [Caltha palustris [Marsh marigold </p><p>0842 [Ma tou ling [Aristolochia debilis or Aristolochia contorta [Birthwort </p><p>0842 [Tou ling [Aristolochia debilis or Aristolochia contorta [Birthwort </p><p>0843 [Ma wei huang lien [Thalictrum foliolosum or Thalictrum delavayi or Thalictrum baicalense [Meadow rue </p><p>0843 [Tieh ts'ai hu [Thalictrum foliolosum or Thalictrum delavayi or Thalictrum baicalense [Meadow rue </p><p>0844 [Ma wei sung [Pinus massoniana [South china pine </p><p>0845 [Ma ying tan [Lantana camara [*Lantana </p><p>0845 [Wu se mei [Lantana camara [*Lantana </p><p>0846 [Mai chio [Claviceps purpurea [Ergot </p><p>0847 [Mai hu [Bulbophyllum inconspicuum [*Bulbophyllum </p><p>0848 [Mai tung [Ophiopogon japonicus or Liriope spicata [Lily turf </p><p>0848 [Mai men tung [Ophiopogon japonicus or Liriope spicata [Lily turf </p><p>0848 [Mai tung su mien [Ophiopogon japonicus or Liriope spicata [Lily turf </p><p>0848 [Su mien [Ophiopogon japonicus or Liriope spicata [Lily turf </p><p>0849 [Mai ya [Hordeum vulgare or Triticum aestivum [Barley or Wheat sprouts </p><p>0850 [Mai ya t'ang [ [Maltose </p><p>0851 [Man ching [Vitex trifolia or Vitex rotundifolia [*Seashore vitex </p><p>0851 [Man ching tzu [Vitex trifolia or Vitex rotundifolia [*Seashore vitex </p><p>0851 [Ching tzu [Vitex trifolia or Vitex rotundifolia [*Seashore vitex </p><p>0852 [Man hu t'ui tzu [Elaeagnus glabra or Elaeagnus pungens or Elaeagnus umbellata [Oleaster </p><p>0853 [Man shan hung [Rhododendron dauricum [Daurian rhododendron </p><p>0854 [Man t'o lo [Datura metel [Datura </p><p>0855 [Mang hsiao [See P'i hsiao or Pu hsiao [Magnesium sulphate fine crystals </p><p>0856 [Mang kuo heh [Mangifera indica [Mango stone </p><p>0857 [Mao chiang chün [Adenosma glutinosum [*Adenosma </p><p>0857 [Mao she hsiang [Adenosma glutinosum [*Adenosma </p><p>0858 [Mao chiang huang [Curcuma aromatica [*Curcuma </p><p>0859 [Mao hsü ts'ao [Orthosiphon aristatus [*Orthosiphon </p><p>0860 [Mao ken [Imperata cylindrica [Woolly grass </p><p>0860 [Pai mao ken [Imperata cylindrica [Woolly grass </p><p>0861 [Mao nien [Melastoma sanguineum [*Fox tongue melastoma </p><p>0862 [Mao shan shu [See Ts'ang shu [ </p><p>0862 [Mao shu [See Ts'ang shu [ </p><p>0863 [Mao shao [See Pai shao [ </p><p>0864 [Mao she hsiang [Adenosma glutinosum [*Adenosma </p><p>0864a [Mao she hsiang mo [Adenosma glutinosum [*Adenosma powder </p><p>0864b [Mao she hsiang yeh [Adenosma glutinosum [*Adenosma leaf </p><p>0865 [Mao tung ch'ing [Ilex pubescens [Hairy holly </p><p>0865 [Mao p'i shu [Ilex pubescens [Hairy holly </p><p>0866 [Me t'ou ts'ao [Eclipta prostrata [*Eclipta or Yerba de tago </p><p>0867 [Mei hua [Prunus mume [*Meihua flower </p><p>0867a [Mei p'i [Prunus mume [*Meihua bark </p><p>0867b [Mei tzu [Prunus mume [*Meihua short shoot </p><p>0868 [Mei jen chiao [Canna indica [Indian root </p><p>0869 [Mei kuei hua [Rosa rugosa [*Meikuei </p><p>0870 [Men tung [Asparagus cochin chinensis or Asparagus lucidus [*Chinese asparagus root </p><p>0870 [T'ien men tung [Asparagus cochin chinensis or Asparagus lucidus [*Chinese asparagus root </p><p>0871 [Meng ch'ung [ [Gadfly </p><p>0871 [Niu meng [ [Gadfly </p><p>0872 [Meng hua [Buddleia officinalis [Buddleia </p><p>0872 [Mi meng hua [Buddleia officinalis [Buddleia </p><p>0873 [Meng shih [ [ </p><p>0873 [Chin meng shih [ [Mica schist </p><p>0873 [Ch'ing meng shih [ [Chlorite schist </p><p>0873 [Ming shih [ [ </p><p>0873 [Ch'ing meng shih [ [ </p><p>0874 [Mi meng hua [Buddleia officinalis [Buddleia </p><p>0874 [Meng hua [Buddleia officinalis [Buddleia </p><p>0875 [Mi t'ang [ [Honey </p><p>0875 [Feng mi [ [Honey </p><p>0876 [Mi t'o seng [ [Litharge or galena </p><p>0876 [T'o seng [ [Litharge or galena </p><p>0877 [Mi tsao [Zizyphus jujuba [Jujube preserved </p><p>0878 [Mi yin hua [Lonicera japonica [Honeysuckle top grade flower </p><p>0878 [Chin yin hua [Lonicera japonica [Honeysuckle top grade flower </p><p>0879 [Mien hua jen [Gossypium herbaceum [Cotton seed </p><p>0879 [Mien hua tzu [Gossypium herbaceum [Cotton seed </p><p>0880 [Mien tsao erh [Scilla sinensis [*Scilla </p><p>0880 [Ti tsao tzu [Scilla sinensis [*Scilla </p><p>0881 [Ming [Camellia sinensis [Tea </p><p>0881 [Ch'a [Camellia sinensis [Tea </p><p>0882 [Ming hsiung [ [High grade Realgar </p><p>0883 [Ming i [ [Pyrolusite </p><p>0883 [Wu ming i [ [Pyrolusite </p><p>0883 [Ming i fen [ [Pyrolusite </p><p>0884 [Ming tang [Changium smyrnioides [*Mingtangseng </p><p>0884 [Ming tang shen [Changium smyrnioides [*Mingtangseng </p><p>0885 [Mo chiang [Drynaria fortunei [*Drynaria </p><p>0885 [Hou chiang [Drynaria fortunei [*Drynaria </p><p>0885 [Shen chiang [Drynaria fortunei [*Drynaria </p><p>0885 [Hu chüeh [Drynaria fortunei [*Drynaria </p><p>0886 [Mo han lien [Eclipta prostrata [Eclipta </p><p>0886 [Li ch'ang ts'ao [Eclipta prostrata [Eclipta </p><p>0887 [Mo ku [Agaricus bisporus [*Moku </p><p>0888 [Mo li hua [Jasminum sambac [Sambac </p><p>0889 [Mo p'an ts'ao [Abutilon indicum or Abutilon theophrastii [*Abutilon </p><p>0889 [Ch'ing ma [Abutilon indicum or Abutilon theophrastii [*Abutilon </p><p>0890 [Mo yü ku [ [Bone of squid </p><p>0890 [Hai p'iao shao [ [Bone of squid </p><p>0891 [Mou ching [Vitex negundo [Vitex </p><p>0892 [Mou li [ [Oyster shell </p><p>0892 [Mou li k'o [ [Oyster shell </p><p>0892 [Hao k'o [ [Oyster shell </p><p>0893 [Mou tan p'i [Paeonia suffruticos [Tree peony or Moutan </p><p>0893 [Tan p'i [Paeonia suffruticos [Tree peony or Moutan </p><p>0894 [Mu chin hua [Hibiscus syriacus [Rose of sharon </p><p>0894 [Mu chin tzu [Hibiscus syriacus [Rose of sharon </p><p>0895 [Mu fang chi [Cocculus orbiculatus [*Cocculus </p><p>0896 [Mu fu jung [Hibiscus mutibilis [Cotton rose </p><p>0896 [Fu jung [Hibiscus mutibilis [Cotton rose </p><p>0897 [Mu hsiang [See 0897a and 0897b [*Muhsiang or Costus </p><p>0897a [Ch'uan mu hsiang [Vladimiria souliei [Chuanmuhsiang </p><p>0897b [Kuang mu hsiang [Saussurea lappa or Aucklandia lappa [Kuangmuhsiang </p><p>0898 [Mu hu [Dendrobium nobile [*Muhu </p><p>0898 [Shui hu [Dendrobium aduncum or Dendrobium chrysanthemum and others growing on trees [*Muhu </p><p>0898 [Kan mu hu [Dendrobium aduncum or Dendrobium chrysanthemum and others growing on trees [*Muhu </p><p>0899 [Mu hu tieh [Oroxylum indicum [*Oroxylum </p><p>0899 [Ch'ien chang chih [Oroxylum indicum [*Oroxylum </p><p>0900 [Mu huan tzu [Sapindus mukorosii [Soapberry </p><p>0900 [Mu yüan tzu [Sapindus mukorosii [Soapberry </p><p>0900 [Wu huan tzu [Sapindus mukorosii [Soapberry </p><p>0900 [Mu huan jou [Sapindus mukorosii [Soapberry pericarp </p><p>0900 [Mu huan ken [Sapindus mukorosii [Soapberry root </p><p>0901 [Mu kua [Chaenomeles sinensis [Chinese quince </p><p>0901 [Mu kua chiu [Chaenomeles sinensis [Tincture of Chinese quince </p><p>0901 [Mu kua kan [Chaenomeles sinensis [Dried chinese quince </p><p>0902 [Mu mien hua [Bombax ceiba [Tree cotton </p><p>0902 [Mu mien ken [Bombax ceiba [Tree cotton </p><p>0903 [Mu pieh tzu [Momordica cochinchinensis [*Vegetable turtle seeds </p><p>0904 [Mu shih tzu [Quercus infectoria [Oak insect gall </p><p>0904 [Mo shih tzu [Quercus infectoria [Oak insect gall </p><p>0904 [Wu shih tzu [Quercus infectoria [Oak insect gall </p><p>0905 [Mu ting hsiang [Syzygium aromaticum or Eugenia caryophyllata [Clove fruit </p><p>0906 [Mu tou hui [Ixeris denticulata [*Ixeris </p><p>0907 [Mu ts'ao [Lindernia crustacea [*Crustaceous pimpernel </p><p>0907 [P'u ti lien [Lindernia crustacea [*Crustaceous pimpernel </p><p>0908 [Mu tsei [Equisetum hiemale [Scouring rush </p><p>0908 [Mu tsei ts'ao [Equisetum hiemale [Scouring rush </p><p>0909 [Mu t'ung [Akebia quinata and Aristolochia mandshuriensis [*Mutung </p><p>0909 [Huai t'ung [Akebia quinata and Aristolochia mandshuriensis [*Mutung </p><p>0910 [Mu yao [Commiphora myrrha [Myrrh </p><p>0911 [Nai jen [Prinsepia uniflora [*Prinsepia </p><p>0911 [Nei jen [Prinsepia uniflora [*Prinsepia </p><p>0911 [Nai jen jou [Prinsepia uniflora [*Prinsepia </p><p>0912 [Nan chu tzu [Vaccinium bracteatum [*Asiatic bilberry </p><p>0913 [Nan hsing [Arisaema consanguineum [Jack in the pulpit </p><p>0913 [T'ien nan hsing [Arisaema heterophyllum and many other species [Jack in the pulpit </p><p>0914 [Nan huo hsiang [Agastache rugosa [Agastache </p><p>0915 [Nan kua t'i [Cucurbita moschata [Squash stalk </p><p>0915 [Kua t'i [Cucurbita moschata [Squash stalk </p><p>0916 [Nan kua tzu [Cucurbita moschata [Squash seed </p><p>0917 [Nan sha shen [Adenophora spp. [Adenophora </p><p>0917a [Ch'uan tsang sha shen [Adenophora lilifolioides [Adenophora </p><p>0917b [Hsien ch'ih sha shen [Adenophora capillaris [Adenophora </p><p>0917c [Hsing yeh sha shen [Adenophora axilliflora [Adenophora </p><p>0917d [K'uo yeh sha shen [Adenophora pereskiaefolia [Adenophora </p><p>0917e [Lun yeh sha shen [Adenophora tetraphylla or Adenophora verticillata [Adenophora </p><p>0917f [P'ao sha shen [Adenophora potaninii [Adenophora </p><p>0917g [T'eng chih sha shen [Adenophora stricta [Adenophora </p><p>0917h [Tsao yeh sha shen [Adenophora polyantha [Adenophora </p><p>0917i [Yunnan sha shen [Adenophora bulleyana [Adenophora </p><p>0918 [Nan she le [Cesalpinia minax [*Snake bramble </p><p>0919 [Nan she t'eng [Celastrus orbiculatus [Bittersweet </p><p>0920 [Nan t'eng [Piper wallichii or Piper puberulum [Shihnanteng </p><p>0920 [Ting kung t'eng [Piper wallichii or Piper puberulum [Shihnanteng </p><p>0920 [Feng t'eng [Piper wallichii or Piper puberulum [Shihnanteng </p><p>0921 [Nan t'ien chu [Nandina domestica [Nandina </p><p>0922 [Nao sha [ [Halite or Sal ammoniac </p><p>0922 [Lu sha [ [Halite or Sal ammoniac </p><p>0922a [Tzu nao sha [ [Purple Halite </p><p>0922b [Pai nao sha [ [White sal ammoniac </p><p>0923 [Nao yang hua [Rhododendron molle [*Yellow azalea flower </p><p>0923 [Nao yang hua shih [Rhododendron molle [*Yellow azalea flower </p><p>0924 [Nei chin [ [Chicken gizzard lining </p><p>0924 [Chi nei chin [ [Chicken gizzard lining </p><p>0925 [Ngo shu [Curcuma zedoaria [Zedoary </p><p>0926 [Niao pu su [Kalopanax septemlobus or Kalopanax pictus [*Kalopanax </p><p>0926 [Hai tung p'i [Kalopanax septemlobus or Kalopanax pictus [*Kalopanax </p><p>0926 [Niao pu ta [Kalopanax septemlobus or Kalopanax pictus [*Kalopanax </p><p>0927 [Nien chien [Homalomena occulta [*Homalomena </p><p>0927 [Ch'ien nien chien [Homalomena occulta [*Homalomena </p><p>0928 [Niu chiao sui [ [Broken ox horn </p><p>0928 [Niu chiao sai [ [Broken ox horn </p><p>0929 [Niu erh feng [Daphniphyllum calycinum [*Daphniphyllum </p><p>0930 [Niu fang [Arctium lappa [Burdock </p><p>0930 [Niu p'ang tzu [Arctium lappa [Burdock </p><p>0931 [Niu hsi [Achyranthes bidentata [*Achyranthes </p><p>0931a [Ch'uan niu hsi [Cyathula capitata [*Cyathula </p><p>0931b [T'u niu hsi [Achyranthes aspera [*Tuniuhsi </p><p>0932 [Niu huang [ [Ox or buffalo gallstone </p><p>0933 [Niu ku sui [ [Broken buffalo bone </p><p>0934 [Niu meng [ [Gadfly </p><p>0934 [Fei meng [ [Gadfly </p><p>0935 [Niu niu t'eng [Jasminum amplexicaule [Hairy Jasmine </p><p>0936 [Niu p'ang tzu [Arctium lappa [Burdock </p><p>0936 [Niu tzu [Arctium lappa [Burdock </p><p>0936 [Ta li tzu [Arctium lappa [Burdock </p><p>0937 [Niu p'i hsiao [Cynanchum wilfordii or Cynanchum caudatum [*Cynanchum </p><p>0937 [Ke shan hsiao [Cynanchum wilfordii or Cynanchum caudatum [*Cynanchum </p><p>0938 [Niu pien [ [Ox or buffalo penis </p><p>0939 [Niu ta li [Millettia speciosa [*Niutali </p><p>0940 [Niu tan [ [Ox gall </p><p>0941 [No tao ken [Oryza glutinosa [Glutinous rice root </p><p>0942 [Nü chen [Ligustrum lucidum or Ligustrum japonicum [Privet </p><p>0942 [Nü chen tzu [Ligustrum lucidum or Ligustrum japonicum [Privet </p><p>0943 [O chiao [ [Ass hide glue </p><p>0943 [Ching chiao [ [Ass hide glue </p><p>0944 [O chüeh pan [Pimpinella diversifolia [*Pimpinella </p><p>0945 [O kuan shih [ [Tubular stalactites </p><p>0945 [Chung ju shih [ [Tubular stalactites </p><p>0946 [O ling [Curcuma kwangsiensis or Curcuma zedoaria [*Oling </p><p>0946 [T'u san leng [Curcuma kwangsiensis or Curcuma zedoaria [*Oling </p><p>0947 [O pu shih ts'ao [Centipeda minima [*Centipeda </p><p>0947 [Pu shih ts'ao [Centipeda minima [*Centipeda </p><p>0948 [O shu [Curcuma zedoaria or Curcuma kwangsiensis [Zedoary </p><p>0948 [O ling [Curcuma zedoaria or Curcuma kwangsiensis [Zedoary </p><p>0948 [Kuang o shu [Curcuma zedoaria or Curcuma kwangsiensis [Zedoary </p><p>0949 [Ou chieh [Nelumbo nucifera [Sacred lotus </p><p>0949 [Ou fen [Nelumbo nucifera [Sacred lotus </p><p>0949 [Ou p'ien [Nelumbo nucifera [Sacred lotus </p><p>0950 [Pa chi [Morinda officinalis [*Morinda </p><p>0950 [Pa chi t'ien [Morinda officinalis [*Morinda </p><p>0950 [Chi ch'ang feng [Morinda officinalis [*Morinda </p><p>0950 [Pa chi jou [Morinda officinalis [*Morinda </p><p>0950 [Chi jou [Morinda officinalis [*Morinda </p><p>0951 [Pa chio [Illicium verum [Star anise </p><p>0951 [Ta hui hsiang [Illicium verum [Star anise </p><p>0952 [Pa chio feng [Alangium chinense [*Alangium </p><p>0953 [Pa chio lien [Dysosma pleiantha [*Dysosma </p><p>0953 [Pa chio chin p'an yeh [Dysosma pleiantha [*Dysosma </p><p>0953 [Pa chio yeh [Dysosma pleiantha [*Dysosma </p><p>0954 [Pa tan [Paeonia suffruticosa [Tree peony </p><p>0954 [Tan p'i [Paeonia suffruticosa [Tree peony </p><p>0955 [Pa tou [Croton tiglium [Croton </p><p>0955 [Ch'uan pa [Croton tiglium [Croton </p><p>0955 [Chiang tzu [Croton tiglium [Croton </p><p>0955 [Tou jen [Croton tiglium [Croton </p><p>0956 [Pa yeh [Eriobotrya japonica [Loquat leaves </p><p>0956 [P'i pa yeh [Eriobotrya japonica [Loquat leaves </p><p>0957 [Pa Yüeh cha [Akebia quinata [*Akebia </p><p>0957 [Mu tung shih [Akebia quinata [*Akebia </p><p>0958 [Pai ch'ang [Acorus calamus [Calamus </p><p>0958 [Ch'ang p'u [Acorus calamus [Calamus </p><p>0959 [Pai chi [Bletilla striata [Bletilla </p><p>0959 [Pai chi erh [Bletilla striata [Bletilla </p><p>0960 [Pai chi li [Tribulus terrestris [Caltrop </p><p>0960 [Pai chi [Tribulus terrestris [Caltrop </p><p>0961 [Pai ch'i [Astragalus membranaceus [Milk vetch </p><p>0961 [Huang ch'i [Astragalus membranaceus [Milk vetch </p><p>0962 [Pai chiang ts'ao [Sonchus brachyotus or Thlaspi arvensis [Snow thistle or penny cress </p><p>0963 [Pai chiao hsiang [Liquidambar formosana [Chinese sweetgum </p><p>0963 [Feng hsiang chih [Liquidambar formosana [Chinese sweetgum </p><p>0964 [Pai chieh tzu [Brassica hirta [White mustard </p><p>0965 [Pai ch'ien [Cynanchum stauntonii [*Paichien </p><p>0966 [Pai ch'ien tseng [Melaleuca leucadendron [*Melaleuca </p><p>0967 [Pia chih [Angelica anomala or Angelica dahurica [Chinese angelica </p><p>0967 [Hsiang pai chih [Angelica anomala or Angelica dahurica [Chinese angelica </p><p>0967 [Hang pai chih [Angelica anomala or Angelica dahurica [Chinese angelica </p><p>0967 [Ch'uan pai chih [Angelica anomala or Angelica dahurica [Chinese angelica </p><p>0968 [Pai chih shan [Mussaenda pubescens [*Mussaenda </p><p>0969 [Pai ch'ou [See erh ch'ou [ </p><p>0970 [Pai chü ts'ai [Chelidonium majus [Celandine </p><p>0971 [Pai fan [ [Common alum or White vitriol </p><p>0971 [Ming fan [ [Common alum or White vitriol </p><p>0972 [Pai fu [Typhonium giganteum [*Giant typhonium </p><p>0972 [Pai fu tzu [Typhonium giganteum [*Giant typhonium </p><p>0972 [Yü pai fu [Typhonium giganteum [*Giant typhonium </p><p>0972a [Kuan pai fu [Aconitum coreanum [*Korean aconite </p><p>0973 [Pai ho [Lilium brownii or Lilium concolor or Lilium pumilum [Lily bulbs </p><p>0973 [Pai ho fen [Lilium brownii or Lilium concolor or Lilium pumilum [Lily bulbs </p><p>0974 [Pai ho ling chih [Rhinacanthus nasutus [*Rhinacanthus </p><p>0974 [Hsüan ts'ao [Rhinacanthus nasutus [*Rhinacanthus </p><p>0975 [Pai ho teng [Argyreia acuta [Argyreia </p><p>0976 [Pai hsien [Dictamnus dasycarpus [Chinese dittany </p><p>0976 [Pai hsien p'i [Dictamnus dasycarpus [Chinese dittany </p><p>0976 [Hsien p'i [Dictamnus dasycarpus [Chinese dittany </p><p>0976 [Hsi p'i [Dictamnus dasycarpus [Chinese dittany </p><p>0977 [Pai hua hao [Artemisia lactiflora [*Duckfoot mugwort </p><p>0977 [Ya chüeh ai [Artemisia lactiflora [*Duckfoot mugwort </p><p>0978 [Pai hua she [ [Agkistrodon or *White band krait </p><p>0979 [Pai hua she she ts'ao [Hedyotis diffusa or Oldenlandia diffusa [*Spreading hedyotis </p><p>0980 [Pai hua tan [Plumbago zeylanica [*Plumbago </p><p>0981 [Pai hua ts'ai [Cleome gynandra [*Cleome </p><p>0981 [Yang chiao ts'ai [Cleome gynandra [*Cleome </p><p>0982 [Pai jen [Thuja orientalis or Biota orientalis [Arborvitae </p><p>0982 [Pai tzu jen [Thuja orientalis or Biota orientalis [Arborvitae </p><p>0982 [Pien pai tzu [Thuja orientalis or Biota orientalis [Arborvitae </p><p>0983 [Pai jui ts'ao [Thesium chinensis [*Thesium </p><p>0984 [Pai juei mu [Artocarpus hypargyraeus [Artocarpus </p><p>0985 [Pai kuo [Ginkgo biloba [Paikuo or Ginkgo </p><p>0986 [Pai la [ [Insect white wax </p><p>0986 [Ch'ung pai la [ [Insect white wax </p><p>0987 [Pai la shu p'i [Fraxinus chinensis [Chinese ash bark </p><p>0988 [Pai lan hua [Michelia alba [*Michelia </p><p>0989 [Pai lien [Ampelopsis japonica [Ampelopsis </p><p>0990 [Pai ma ku [Serissa serissoides [*Serissa </p><p>0990 [Man t'ien hsing [Serissa serissoides [*Serissa </p><p>0991 [Pai mao hsia k'u ts'ao [Ajuga decumbens [Bugleweed </p><p>0991 [Chin ku ts'ao [Ajuga decumbens [Bugleweed </p><p>0992 [Pai mao ken [Imperata cylindrica [Woolly grass </p><p>0993 [Pai mei [Prunus mume [Mei fruit salted </p><p>0993 [Yen mei [Prunus mume [Mei fruit salted </p><p>0993 [Shuang mei [Prunus mume [Mei fruit salted </p><p>0994 [Pai mei hua [Prunus mume [Maihua white </p><p>0995 [Pai mo [Tricholoma mongolicum [*Paimo </p><p>0995 [K'ou mo [Tricholoma mongolicum [*Paimo </p><p>0996 [Pai mu [Micromelum falcatum [*Micromelum </p><p>0996 [Chi luan huang [Micromelum falcatum [*Micromelum </p><p>0997 [Pai mu erh [Tremella fuciformis [*Silver ear </p><p>0997 [Yin erh [Tremella fuciformis [*Silver ear </p><p>0998 [Pai mu t'ung [Akebia trifoliata [Akebia </p><p>0999 [Pai niu tan [Inula cappa [*Goatear elecampane </p><p>0999 [Shan pai chih [Inula cappa [*Goatear elecampane </p><p>0999 [Mao ch'a [Inula cappa [*Goatear elecampane </p><p>1000 [Pai niu teng [Hedyotis hedyotidea or Oldenlandia hedyotidea [White ox creeper </p><p>1001 [Pai pan feng ho [Dendropanax proteus [*Dendropanax </p><p>1002 [Pai p'i san ch'i [Gynura divaricata [*Gynura </p><p>1003 [Pai p'i yeh [Mallotus apelta [*Mallotus </p><p>1004 [Pai pien tou [Dolichos lablab [Hyacinth bean </p><p>1005 [Pai pu [Stemona japonica or Stemona sessilifolia or Stemona tuberosa [Stemona </p><p>1006 [Pai pu she [ [Paipu snake </p><p>1007 [Pai shao [Paeonia lactiflora [Peony </p><p>1007 [Pai shao yao [Paeonia lactiflora [Peony </p><p>1008 [Pai shih ying [ [Quartz </p><p>1009 [Pai shou wu [Cynanchum auriculatum or Cynanchum hungei [*Paishouwu </p><p>1010 [Pai shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu </p><p>1010 [Chun shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu common market form </p><p>1010 [P'ing shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu common market form </p><p>1010 [Sheng shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu common market form </p><p>1010 [Tung shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu common market form </p><p>1010 [T'u shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu common market form </p><p>1010 [Wu shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu common market form </p><p>1010 [Yüan shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu common market form </p><p>1010 [Yün shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu common market form </p><p>1010 [Yü shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu superior form from Yü chien or Chekiang </p><p>1010 [Liao shu [Atractylodes macrocephala [*Paishu inferior form </p><p>1011 [Pai shu liang [Dioscorea hispida [*Shuliang </p><p>1011 [Shu liang [Dioscorea hispida [*Shuliang </p><p>1012 [Pai su tzu [Perilla frutescens [*Perilla </p><p>1013 [Pai ting hsiang [ [Sparrow excrement </p><p>1014 [Pai tou [Vigna cylindrica [Cowpea </p><p>1014 [Fan tou [Vigna cylindrica [Cowpea </p><p>1014 [Mei tou [Vigna cylindrica [Cowpea </p><p>1015 [Pai tou k'ou [Elettaria cardamomum or Amomum kravanh [Cardamom or Inferior cardamom </p><p>1016 [Pai t'ou weng [Pulsatilla chinensis [Chinese anemone </p><p>1017 [Pai ts'ao shuang [ [Soot from the bottom of a boiler </p><p>1017 [Kuo ti hui [ [Soot from the bottom of a boiler </p><p>1018 [Pai tsu [ [Centipede </p><p>1018 [Wu kung [ [Centipede </p><p>1019 [Pai tzu jen [Thuja orientalis or Biota orientalis [Arborvitae </p><p>1020 [Pai wei [Cynanchum atratum [*Cynanchum </p><p>1021 [Pai yang chih [Populus davidiana [David's poplar </p><p>1021 [Pai yang p'i [Populus davidiana [David's poplar </p><p>1021 [Pai yang yeh [Populus davidiana [David's poplar </p><p>1022 [Pai yao [Millettia lasiopetala [*Paiyao </p><p>1023 [Pai yao tzu [Stephania cepharantha [*Stephania </p><p>1023 [Chin hsien tao wu kuei [Stephania cepharantha [*Stephania </p><p>1024 [Pai ying [Solanum lyratum [Climbing nightshade </p><p>1024 [Shu yang ch'üan [Solanum lyratum [Climbing nightshade </p><p>1025 [Pai ying shih [ [Common quartz </p><p>1025 [Pai shih ying [ [Common quartz </p><p>1026 [Pai yu wei [Buddleia asiatica [Buddleia </p><p>1026 [Po k'u tan [Buddleia asiatica [Buddleia </p><p>1027 [Pai yün hsiang [Liquidambar formosana [Chinese sweet gum </p><p>1027 [Ta yün hsiang [Liquidambar formosana [Chinese sweet gum </p><p>1027 [Feng hsiang chih [Liquidambar formosana [Chinese sweet gum </p><p>1028 [P'ai chien ts'ao [Desmodium pulchellum [*String of coin </p><p>1029 [Pan chih lien [Scutellaria barbata [*Panchihlien </p><p>1029 [Ping t'ou ts'ao [Scutellaria barbata [*Panchihlien </p><p>1030 [Pan feng ho [Pterospermum heterophyllum [*Panfengho </p><p>1031 [Pan hsia [Pinellia ternata [*Panhsia </p><p>1031 [Pan hsia ch'ü [Pinellia ternata [*Panhsia preparation </p><p>1031 [Pan hsia mo [Pinellia ternata [Powdered panhsia </p><p>1031 [Pan hsia p'ien [Pinellia ternata [Sliced panhsia </p><p>1032 [Pan ken [Polygonum cuspidatum [Bushy knotweed </p><p>1033 [Pan lan ken [Isatis tinctoria [Woad </p><p>1034 [Pan mao [ [Cantharides </p><p>1035 [Pan pien ch'i [Pteris semipinnata [*Panpienchi </p><p>1036 [Pan pien lien [Lobelia chinensis [Chinese lobelia </p><p>1037 [Pan p'o [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia bark </p><p>1037 [Ch'ai p'o [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia bark </p><p>1037 [Hou p'o [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia bark </p><p>1037 [Tzu p'o [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia bark </p><p>1038 [P'an lung shen [Spiranthes sinensis [ </p><p>1039 [Pang hua [Rhoeo discolor [Rhoeo </p><p>1040 [Pang k'o [ [Clam shell </p><p>1041 [Pang pang mu [Celtis bungeana [*Bunge's hackberry </p><p>1041 [Pang tzu shu [Celtis bungeana [*Bunge's hackberry </p><p>1042 [Pang ta hai [Sterculia scaphigera or Scaphium affines [*Pangtahai or Bungtalai siamese </p><p>1042 [Peng ta hai [Sterculia scaphigera or Scaphium affines [*Pangtahai or Bungtalai siamese </p><p>1043 [Pao ku [ [Leopard bone </p><p>1044 [Pao ma tzu [Syringa reticulata or Syringa amurensis [Amur lilac </p><p>1044 [Pai ting ch'ing [Syringa reticulata or Syringa amurensis [Amur lilac </p><p>1045 [Pei ch'i [Astragalus mongholicus [Northern Huangchi </p><p>1045 [Huang ch'i [Astragalus mongholicus [Northern Huangchi </p><p>1046 [Pei fu [See Fu tzu [ </p><p>1046 [Ch'ao fu p'ien [See Fu tzu [ </p><p>1047 [Pei ho se [Daucus carota [Carrot fruit </p><p>1048 [Pei hsieh [Dioscorea tokoro or Dioscorea futschauensis [Fish poison yam </p><p>1048 [Shan pei hsieh [Dioscorea tokoro or Dioscorea futschauensis [Fish poison yam </p><p>1048 [Pei kai [Dioscorea tokoro or Dioscorea futschauensis [Fish poison yam </p><p>1048 [Ch'uan pei hsieh [Dioscorea tokoro or Dioscorea futschauensis [Fish poison yam from szechuan </p><p>1048 [Ch'uan t'ai p'ien [Dioscorea tokoro or Dioscorea futschauensis [Fish poison yam from szechuan </p><p>1048 [T'u pei hsieh [Dioscorea tokoro or Dioscorea futschauensis [Fish poison yam local product </p><p>1048 [T'u p'ien [Dioscorea tokoro or Dioscorea futschauensis [Fish poison yam local product </p><p>1049 [Pei hsin [Asarum sieboldii [Wild ginger </p><p>1049 [Hsi hsin [Asarum sieboldii [Wild ginger </p><p>1050 [Pei ma [Ricinus communis [Castor oil plant seed or oil </p><p>1050 [Pei ma tzu [Ricinus communis [Castor oil plant seed or oil </p><p>1050 [Pei ma yeh [Ricinus communis [Castor oil plant seed or oil </p><p>1050 [Pei ma yu [Ricinus communis [Castor oil plant seed or oil </p><p>1051 [Pei mu [Fritillaria spp. [Fritillary </p><p>1051a [Che pei [Fritillaria thunbergii [Chekiang Fritillary </p><p>1051a [Chia pei mu [Fritillaria thunbergii [Chekiang Fritillary </p><p>1051a [Hsiang pei [Fritillaria thunbergii [Chekiang Fritillary </p><p>1051a [T'u pei [Fritillaria thunbergii [Chekiang Fritillary </p><p>1051b [Ch'uan pei [Fritillaria cirrhosa [West china fritillary </p><p>1051b [Chen pei mu [Fritillaria roylei [West china fritillary </p><p>1051c [I pei [Fritillaria walujewii or Fritillaria pallidiflora [West china fritillary </p><p>1051d [P'ing pei [Fritillaria usuriensis [North china fritillary </p><p>1051e [Lu pei [Fritillaria przewalskii or Fritillaria delavayi [North china fritillary </p><p>1052 [Pei sha shen [Glehnia littoralis [Beach silvertop </p><p>1053 [Pei shan tou ken [Menisperum dauricum [Siberian moonseed </p><p>1053 [Shan tou ken [Menisperum dauricum [Siberian moonseed </p><p>1053 [Pien fu ko ken [Menisperum dauricum [Siberian moonseed </p><p>1054 [Pei tzu [See Wu pei tzu [ </p><p>1056 [Pei tz'u [ [Cowry </p><p>1057 [Pei wei [Schisandra chinensis [*Schisandra fruit </p><p>1057 [Pei wu wei [Schisandra chinensis [*Schisandra fruit </p><p>1057 [Pei wu wei tzu [Schisandra chinensis [*Schisandra fruit </p><p>1058 [Pei wu chia p'i [Periploca sepium [*Periploca </p><p>1058 [Kang liu p'i [Periploca sepium [*Periploca </p><p>1059 [P'ei lan [Eupatorium japonicum or Eupatorium fortunei [*Eupatorium </p><p>1059 [P'ei lan yeh [Eupatorium japonicum or Eupatorium fortunei [*Eupatorium </p><p>1059 [Tse lan [Eupatorium japonicumor Eupatorium fortunei [*Eupatorium </p><p>1060 [Pen ch'i [Lycium chinense [Matrimony vine </p><p>1060 [Kou ch'i tzu [Lycium chinense [Matrimony vine </p><p>1061 [P'en shang yüan sui [Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides [Pennywort </p><p>1061 [T'ien hu sui [Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides [Pennywort </p><p>1062 [P'eng chi ts'ao [Wedelia chinensis [*Wedelia </p><p>1063 [P'eng o shu [Curcuma zedoaria [Zedoary </p><p>1063 [P'eng shu [Curcuma zedoaria [Zedoary </p><p>1063 [O shu [Curcuma zedoaria [Zedoary </p><p>1064 [P'eng sha [ [Borax </p><p>1065 [P'eng ta hai [Sterculia scaphigera or Scaphium affine [Pangtahai </p><p>1065 [P'ang ta hai [Sterculia scaphigera or Scaphium affine [Pangtahai </p><p>1066 [P'eng ta wan [Centella asiatica [*Centella </p><p>1067 [Pi ch'eng ch'ieh [Piper cubeba [Cubebs </p><p>1067 [Ch'eng ch'ieh [Piper cubeba [Cubebs </p><p>1068 [Pi chi ts'ao [Eleocharis tuberosa [Water chestnut </p><p>1068 [T'ung t'ien ts'ao [Heleocharis dulcis [Water chestnut </p><p>1069 [Pi chien [ [Wall spider egg mass </p><p>1069 [Pi hsi [ [Wall spider egg mass </p><p>1070 [Pi ma tzu [Ricinus communis [Castor bean </p><p>1071 [Pi po [Piper longum [Long pepper </p><p>1072 [Pi tao kan [Prunus persica [Unripe peach </p><p>1073 [P'i chiao [ [Glue from hide </p><p>1074 [P'i hsiao [ [Sulfate of soda mirabilita </p><p>1074 [P'o hsiao [ [Sulfate of soda mirabilita </p><p>1075 [P'i li shih [Ficus pumila [Jelly seed </p><p>1075 [Liang fen kuo [Ficus pumila [Jelly seed </p><p>1076 [P'i p'a yeh [Eriobotrya japonica [Loquat leaves </p><p>1076 [P'a yeh [Eriobotrya japonica [Loquat leaves </p><p>1077 [P'i shuang [ [Arsenic </p><p>1078 [P'i yen [ [Soot from tanning factory </p><p>1078 [Sheng [ [Soot from tanning factory </p><p>1079 [P'iao ch'ung [ [Ladybird beetle </p><p>1080 [Pieh chia [ [Freshwater turtle shell </p><p>1081 [Pieh ch'ün [ [Rim of fresh water turtle shell </p><p>1082 [Pieh ch'ung [ [Wingless cockroach </p><p>1082 [Ti pieh ch'ung [ [Wingless cockroach </p><p>1082 [T'u pieh tzu [ [Wingless cockroach </p><p>1083 [Pien hsing [Arisaema ambiguum or Arisaema amurense or Arisaema consanguineum [Jack in the pulpit </p><p>1083 [T'ien nan hsing [Arisaema ambiguum or Arisaema amurense or Arisaema consanguineum [Jack in the pulpit </p><p>1084 [Pien hsü [Polygonum aviculare [Knotweed </p><p>1084 [Pien yü [Polygonum aviculare [Knotweed </p><p>1085 [Pien pai [Thuja orientalis [Arborvitae </p><p>1085 [Pai yeh [Thuja orientalis [Arborvitae </p><p>1086 [Pien shu [ [Dried snake </p><p>1086 [She kan [ [Dried snake </p><p>1087 [Pien t'eng [Tetrastigma planicaule [*Tetrastigma </p><p>1087 [Pien tan t'eng [Tetrastigma planicaule [*Tetrastigma </p><p>1088 [Pien tou [Dolichos lablab [Hyacinth bean </p><p>1088 [Nan pien tou [Dolichos lablab [Hyacinth bean </p><p>1088 [Pai pien tou [Dolichos lablab [Hyacinth bean </p><p>1088 [Chüeh tou [Dolichos lablab [Hyacinth bean </p><p>1089 [Pien tou hua [Dolichos lablab [Hyacinth bean flower </p><p>1090 [P'ien chiao [ [Glue from ass hide </p><p>1090 [A chiao [ [Glue from ass hide </p><p>1091 [P'ien tzu ts'ao [Lithospermum erythrorhizon [*Asiatic groomwell siced </p><p>1091 [Tzu ts'ao jung [Lithospermum erythrorhizon [*Asiatic groomwell siced </p><p>1092 [Pin lang [Areca catechu [Betel nut </p><p>1092 [Pin lang hsin [Areca catechu [Betel nut </p><p>1093 [Pin lang p'i [Areca catechu [Betel husk </p><p>1093 [Ta fu p'i [Areca catechu [Betel husk </p><p>1093 [Pin lang i [Areca catechu [Betel husk </p><p>1094 [Ping p'ien [See 1094 Shang ping p'ien and 1094 Hsia ping p'ien [Borneol camphor </p><p>1094 [Shang ping p'ien [Dryobalanoops aromatica [Borneol camphor </p><p>1094 [Hsia ping p'ien [Blumea balsamifera [Borneol camphor </p><p>1095 [P'ing [Marsilea quadrifolia [Clover fern </p><p>1095 [T'ien tzu ts'ao [Marsilea quadrifolia [Clover fern </p><p>1096 [Po ho [Mentha arvenis [Field mint </p><p>1096 [Poho ping [Mentha arvenis [Mint cake </p><p>1096 [Poho ping [Mentha arvenis [Menthol </p><p>1096 [Poho yeh [Mentha arvenis [Mint shoots </p><p>1096 [Poho yu [Mentha arvenis [Mint oil </p><p>1098 [Po lo hui [Macleaya cordata [Plume poppy </p><p>1098 [Shan huo t'ung [Macleaya cordata [Plume poppy </p><p>1099 [Po shao [Paeonia lactiflora [Peony root </p><p>1099 [Pai shao [Paeonia lactiflora [Peony root </p><p>1100 [Po tu [Raphanus sativus [Chinese radish </p><p>1100 [Lo po tzu [Raphanus sativus [Chinese radish </p><p>1101 [P'o [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia bark </p><p>1101 [Hou p'o [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia bark </p><p>1101 [Hou p'o ken [Magnolia officinalis [From Wenchow &amp; Fukien </p><p>1101 [P'o ken [Magnolia officinalis [From Wenchow &amp; Fukien </p><p>1101 [Nao p'o [Magnolia officinalis [From Wenchow </p><p>1101 [T'ung p'o [Magnolia officinalis [From Wenchow </p><p>1101 [Pan p'o [Magnolia officinalis [From Kwangsi &amp; Wenchow </p><p>1101 [P'o pan [Magnolia officinalis [From Kwangsi &amp; Wenchow </p><p>1101 [Chai p'o [Magnolia officinalis [From Kwangsi &amp; Wenchow </p><p>1101 [Tzu po [Magnolia officinalis [From Kwangsi &amp; Wenchow </p><p>1101 [T'u p'o [Magnolia officinalis [From Kiangsu or Chekiang </p><p>1101 [Liao p'o [Magnolia officinalis [From Kiangsu or Chekiang </p><p>1101 [T'u p'o p'i [Magnolia officinalis [From Fukien </p><p>1101 [Tz'u p'o [Magnolia officinalis [From Kiangsu </p><p>1102 [P'o hsiao [ [Sulphate of Soda containing MgSO(4) glauber's salt </p><p>1102 [P'i hsiao [ [Sulphate of Soda containing MgSO(4) glauber's salt </p><p>1102 [Hsiao p'i [ [Sulphate of Soda containing MgSO(4) glauber's salt </p><p>1103 [P'o ku chih [Psoralea corylifolia [Bauchee seed or scurfy pea </p><p>1103 [Ku chih [Psoralea corylifolia [Bauchee seed or scurfy pea </p><p>1103 [Pu ku chih [Psoralea corylifolia [Bauchee seed or scurfy pea </p><p>1104 [P'o pu yeh [Microscos paniculata [*Microcos </p><p>1104 [Pu cha yeh [Microscos paniculata [*Microcos </p><p>1105 [Pu ku sui [Drynaria fortunei [*Drynaria </p><p>1105 [Ku sui pu [Drynaria fortunei [*Drynaria </p><p>1105 [Sui pu [Drynaria fortunei [*Drynaria </p><p>1106 [Pu liu tzu [Vaccaria segetalis [Cow cockle seed or vaccaria </p><p>1107 [Pu shih ts'ao [See O pu shih ts'ao [ </p><p>1108 [Pu ti wu kung [Lycopodium cernuum [*Nodding club moss </p><p>1109 [P'u hua [Magnolia officinalis [Magnolia flower </p><p>1110 [P'u huang [Typha orientalis or Typha angustifolia [Cattail pollen and root </p><p>1110 [P'u ken [Typha orientalis or Typha angustifolia [Cattail pollen and root </p><p>1111 [P'u k'uei [Livistona chinensis [Fan palm </p><p>1112 [P'u kung ying [Taraxacum officinale or Taraxacum mongolicum [Dandelion </p><p>1114 [San chang yeh [Lysimachia insignis [*Lysimachia </p><p>1114 [T'u yüan chih [Lysimachia insignis [*Lysimachia </p><p>1115 [San ch'i [Panax notoginseng [*Sanchi </p><p>1115 [Shan ch'i [Panax notoginseng [*Sanchi </p><p>1115 [Shen san ch'i [Panax notoginseng [*Sanchi </p><p>1116 [San ch'i ts'ao [Cynura segetum [Canton tusanchi velvet plant </p><p>1116 [T'u san ch'i [Cynura segetum [Canton tusanchi velvet plant </p><p>1116 [T'ien ch'i [Cynura segetum [Canton tusanchi velvet plant </p><p>1116 [T'ien ch'ing ti hung [Cynura segetum [Canton tusanchi velvet plant </p><p>1117 [San chia p'i [Eleutherococcus trifoliatus [*Eleuthero </p><p>1118 [San chio feng [Parthenocissus heterophylla [*China creeper </p><p>1119 [San chio ts'ao [Chlorophytum laxum [*Chlorophytum </p><p>1120 [San chuan feng [Lindera obtusiloba [*Lindera </p><p>1120 [San ya wu yao [Lindera obtusiloba [*Lindera </p><p>1121 [San fen san [Scopolia acutangula or Anisodus luridus [*Sanfengsan </p><p>1121 [Shan yeh yen [Scopolia acutangula or Anisodus luridus [*Sanfengsan </p><p>1122 [San hsiao ts'ao [Trifolium repens [White clover </p><p>1123 [San hsien [ [Red oxide of mercury </p><p>1123 [San hsien tan [ [Red oxide of mercury </p><p>1124 [San hu [ [Coral </p><p>1124 [Hung san [ [Coral </p><p>1125 [San jen hua [Averrhoa caarambola [Carambola </p><p>1126 [San k'o chin [Berberis sargentiana or Berberis brachypoda &amp; others [Chinese barberry </p><p>1127 [San leng [Sparganium stoloniferum or Sparganium simplex or Sparganium stenophyllum [Bur reed </p><p>1127 [Shan leng [Sparganium stoloniferum or Sparganium simplex or Sparganium stenophyllum [Bur reed </p><p>1127 [San ling [Sparganium stoloniferum or Sparganium simplex or Sparganium stenophyllum [Bur reed </p><p>1127 [Hei san leng [Sparganium stoloniferum or Sparganium simplex or Sparganium stenophyllum [Bur reed </p><p>1128 [San mien tao [Cimicifuga acerina [Bugbane </p><p>1128 [Ch'a ch'i [Cimicifuga acerina [Bugbane </p><p>1129 [San mu [Cunninghamia lanceolata [China fir </p><p>1130 [San nai [Kaempferia galanga [*Kaempferia </p><p>1130 [Shan nai [Kaempferia galanga [*Kaempferia </p><p>1130 [San lai [Kaempferia galanga [*Kaempferia </p><p>1130 [Sha chiang [Kaempferia galanga [*Kaempferia </p><p>1131 [San pai ts'ao [Saururus chinensis [*Saururus </p><p>1131 [San pai ts'ao ken [Saururus chinensis [*Saururus </p><p>1132 [San pien feng [Potentilla freyniana [Chinese cinquefoil </p><p>1132 [Ti feng tzu [Potentilla freyniana [Chinese cinquefoil </p><p>1132 [San yeh wei ling ts'ai [Potentilla freyniana [Chinese cinquefoil </p><p>1133 [San se chin [Viola tricolor [Pansy </p><p>1134 [San sheng mi [Ribes tenue [Slender gooseberry </p><p>1135 [San shih lu ken [Tylophora ovata [*Tylophora </p><p>1135 [San shih lu tan [Tylophora ovata [*Tylophora </p><p>1135 [Shuang fei hu tieh [Tylophora ovata [*Tylophora </p><p>1136 [San t'ai hung hua [Clerodendrum serratum [*Three tiered pagoda flower </p><p>1136 [San t'ai hua [Clerodendrum serratum [*Three tiered pagoda flower </p><p>1137 [San t'iao chin [Cinnamomum tamala [*Tamala </p><p>1137 [Ts'ai chang [Cinnamomum tamala [*Tamala </p><p>1138 [San ya k'u [Evodia lepta [*Bitter evodia </p><p>1138 [San ya hu [Evodia lepta [*Bitter evodia </p><p>1138 [San chih ch'iang [Evodia lepta [*Bitter evodia </p><p>1139 [Sang chen tzu [Morus alba [Mulberry or mulberry jam </p><p>1139 [Sang chen kao [Morus alba [Mulberry or mulberry jam </p><p>1140 [Sang chi sheng [Loranthus parasiticus [*Loranthus </p><p>1141 [Sang chih [Morus alba [Mulberry </p><p>1141 [Sang yeh [Morus alba [Mulberry </p><p>1142 [Sang ch'ung [ [Longhorn beetle larva growing in mulberry </p><p>1142 [Sang tu chung [ [Longhorn beetle larva growing in mulberry </p><p>1142 [Chu chung [ [ [Longhorn beetle larva growing in mulberry </p><p>1143 [Sang hsiao [ [Praying Mantis egg case on mulberry branch </p><p>1143 [Sang p'iao [ [Praying Mantis egg case on mulberry branch </p><p>1143 [Sang p'iao shao [ [Praying Mantis egg case on mulberry branch </p><p>1144 [Sang pai p'i [Morus alba [Mulberry root bark </p><p>1144 [Sang pai [Morus alba [Mulberry root bark </p><p>1144 [Sang K7ec.n pai p'i [Morus alba [Mulberry root bark </p><p>1145 [Sha chiang [Kaempferia galanga [Kaempferia </p><p>1146 [Sha chien hu [Ferula borealis [*Boreal Asafetida </p><p>1147 [Sha jen [Amomum villosum or Amomum xanthioides [Grains of paradise </p><p>1147 [Sha jen k'o [Amomum villosum or Amomum xanthioides [Grains of paradise </p><p>1147 [Sha k'o [Amomum villosum or Amomum xanthioides [Grains of paradise </p><p>1148 [Sha kuai tsao [Calligonum mongolicum [*Calligonum </p><p>1149 [Sha lou lu [Echinops gmelinii [*Echinops </p><p>1150 [Sha shen [Adenophora polymorpha or Adenophora tetraphylla or Adenophora verticillata [*Adenophora </p><p>1151 [Sha tsao [Elaeagnus angustifolia [Oleaster </p><p>1151 [Sha tsao chiao [Elaeagnus angustifolia [Oleaster </p><p>1151 [Sha tsao p'i [Elaeagnus angustifolia [Oleaster </p><p>1151 [Sha tsao hua [Elaeagnus angustifolia [Oleaster </p><p>1152 [Sha yüan tzu [Astragalus complanatus or Astragalus adsurgens or Astragalus chinensis [Chinese milk vetch </p><p>1152 [Sha yüan [Astragalus complanatus or Astragalus adsurgens or Astragalus chinensis [Chinese milk vetch </p><p>1152 [T'ung chi [Astragalus complanatus or Astragalus adsurgens or Astragalus chinensis [Chinese milk vetch </p><p>1152 [T'ung chi li [Astragalus complanatus or Astragalus adsurgens or Astragalus chinensis [Chinese milk vetch </p><p>1153 [Shan cha [Crataegus pinnatifida or Crataegus cuneata [Hawthorn </p><p>1153 [Shan cha jou [Crataegus pinnatifida or Crataegus cuneata [Hawthorn </p><p>1153 [Shan cha kan [Crataegus pinnatifida or Crataegus cuneata [Hawthorn </p><p>1153 [Shan cha kao [Crataegus pinnatifida or Crataegus cuneata [Hawthorn </p><p>1153 [Shan cha p'ien [Crataegus pinnatifida or Crataegus cuneata [Hawthorn </p><p>1154 [Shan ch'a hua [Camellia japonica [Camellia </p><p>1155 [Shan ch'eng [Melodinus suaveolens [*Melodinus </p><p>1156 [Shan chi tan [Codonopsis convolvulacea [*Twining Codonopsis </p><p>1157 [Shan chia [ [Pangolin carapace </p><p>1157 [C'huan shan chia [ [Pangolin carapace </p><p>1158 [Shan chia p'i [ [Pangolin skin </p><p>1159 [Shan chiang tzu [Alpinia officinarum [Lesser galangal </p><p>1159 [Hung tou k'ou [Alpinia officinarum [Lesser galangal </p><p>1160 [Shan chih jen [Pittosporum glabratum [*Pittosporum </p><p>1160 [Shan chih ken [Pittosporum glabratum [*Pittosporum </p><p>1161 [Shan chih ma [Helicteres angustifolia [*Helicteres </p><p>1162 [Shan chih tzu [Gardenia jasminoides [Gardenis </p><p>1163 [Shan chu tan [ [Wild boar gallbladder </p><p>1164 [Shan chu tzu [Garcinia multiflora [*Garcinia </p><p>1164 [Shan chu ken [Garcinia multiflora [*Garcinia </p><p>1165 [Shan chu yü [Cornus officinalis [Asiatic cornelian cherry </p><p>1165 [Chu yü [Cornus officinalis [Asiatic cornelian cherry </p><p>1165 [Yü jou [Cornus officinalis [Asiatic cornelian cherry </p><p>1166 [Shan chu [Piper hancei [*Hance's pepper </p><p>1167 [Shan chü [Glycosmis citrifolia [*Glycosmis </p><p>1167 [Shan hsiao chü [Glycosmis citrifolia [*Glycosmis </p><p>1168 [Shan fan hua [Symplocos caudata or Symplocos racemos [*Symplocos </p><p>1168 [Shan fan ken [Symplocos caudata or Symplocos racemos [*Symplocos </p><p>1168 [Shan fan yeh [Symplocos caudata or Symplocos racemos [*Symplocos </p><p>1169 [Shan hai lo [Codonopsis lanceolata [*Codonopsis </p><p>1169 [T'u tang shen [Codonopsis lanceolata [*Codonopsis </p><p>1170 [Shan heh t'ao [Carya cathayensis [Chinese hickory </p><p>1171 [Shan ho yeh [Diphylleia grayi or Diphylleia sinensis [*Diphylleia </p><p>1171 [Wo erh ch'i [Diphylleia grayi or Diphylleia sinensis [*Diphylleia </p><p>1172 [Shan hsiai [Geastrum hygrometricum [*Geastrum </p><p>1172 [Shih hsiai [Geastrum hygrometricum [*Geastrum </p><p>1173 [Shan hu chiao [Lindera glauca [*Glaucous allspice </p><p>1174 [Shan hua [Cordyceps scotianus [Fungus sclerotia on cicada </p><p>1174 [Kuan shan [Cordyceps scotianus [Fungus sclerotia on cicada </p><p>1175 [Shan hung chih jen [Gardenia jasminoides [Wild gardenia </p><p>1176 [Shan huo hsiang [Teucrium viiscidum [Chinese germander </p><p>1176 [Hsüeh chien ch'ou [Teucrium viiscidum [Chinese germander </p><p>1176 [Fei hsing ts'ao [Teucrium viiscidum [Chinese germander </p><p>1177 [Shan kan ts</p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3314871502839413317-7878938254743398076?l=drugpedia.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>saeedhussainnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3314871502839413317.post-36753965035648738322011-04-28T04:07:00.000-07:002011-04-28T04:14:16.945-07:00<div id="content"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="localNotice"> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent"> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HippocraticOath.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HippocraticOath.jpg/200px-HippocraticOath.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="282" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HippocraticOath.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</a></i>, is a collection of around seventy early medical works from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece">ancient Greece</a> strongly associated with the ancient Greek physician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> and his teachings.</div> </div> </div> <p>The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon</a>, author of the first anatomical work, worked at this school, and it was here that the practice of observing patients was established. <b>Ancient Greek medicine</b> centered around the theory of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humours" class="mw-redirect" title="Humours">humours</a>. The most important figure in ancient Greek medicine is the physician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, known as the "Father of Medicine", who established his own medical school at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Cos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Hippocrates and his students documented many conditions in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</a>, and developed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a> for physicians, still in use today. The Greek Galen was one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations—including brain and eye surgeries— that were not tried again for almost two millennia. The writings of Hippocrates, Galen, and others had a lasting influence on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Islamic medicine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_medicine" title="Medieval medicine">Medieval European medicine</a> until many of their finding eventually became obsolete from the 14th century onwards.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#Early_influences"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early influences</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#Hippocrates_and_Hippocratic_medicine"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Hippocrates and Hippocratic medicine</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#Asclepieia"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Asclepieia</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#Aristotle"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Aristotle</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#Alexandria"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Alexandria</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#Historical_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Historical legacy</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Early influences">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_influences">Early influences</span></h2> <p>Despite their known respect for Egyptian medicine, attempts to discern any particular influence on Greek practice at this early time have not been dramatically successful because of the lack of sources and the challenge of understanding ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_terminology">medical terminology</a>. It is clear, however, that the Greeks imported Egyptian substances into their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopoeia</a>, and the influence becomes more pronounced after the establishment of a school of Greek medicine in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> During The age of Alexander the Great.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Hippocrates and Hippocratic medicine">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hippocrates_and_Hippocratic_medicine">Hippocrates and Hippocratic medicine</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:132px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hippocrates.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hippocrates.jpg/130px-Hippocrates.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="130" height="137" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hippocrates.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The physician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, known as the <i>Father of Modern Medicine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </div> <p>A towering figure in the history of medicine was the physician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kos">Kos</a> (ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC), considered the "father of modern medicine."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</a> is a collection of around seventy early medical works from ancient Greece strongly associated with Hippocrates and his students. Most famously, Hippocrates invented the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a> for physicians, which is still relevant and in use today.</p> <p>The existence of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a> implies that this "Hippocratic" medicine was practiced by a group of professional physicians bound (at least among themselves) by a strict ethical code. Aspiring students normally paid a fee for training (a provision is made for exceptions) and entered into a virtual family relationship with his teacher. This training included some oral instruction and probably hands-on experience as the teacher's assistant, since the Oath assumes that the student will be interacting with patients. The Oath also places limits on what the physician may or may not do ("To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug") and intriguingly hints at the existence of another class of professional specialists, perhaps akin to surgeons ("I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> and his followers were first to describe many diseases and medical conditions. He is given credit for the first description of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_clubbing" title="Nail clubbing">clubbing</a> of the fingers, an important diagnostic sign in chronic suppurative lung disease, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer">lung cancer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotic_heart_defect" title="Cyanotic heart defect">cyanotic heart disease</a>. For this reason, clubbed fingers are sometimes referred to as "Hippocratic fingers".<sup id="cite_ref-schwartz_7-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-schwartz-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Hippocrates was also the first physician to describe <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_face">Hippocratic face</a> in <i>Prognosis</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> famously alludes to this description when writing of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falstaff">Falstaff</a>'s death in Act II, Scene iii. of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_%28play%29" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sing40_8-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-sing40-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-margotta70_9-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-margotta70-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_%28medical%29" title="Acute (medical)" class="mw-redirect">acute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_%28medicine%29" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_%28epidemiology%29" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">endemic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic">epidemic</a>, and use terms such as, "exacerbation, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapse">relapse</a>, resolution, crisis, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxysm" class="mw-redirect" title="Paroxysm">paroxysm</a>, peak, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convalescence">convalescence</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-garrison97_10-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-garrison97-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mart90_11-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-mart90-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Another of Hippocrates's major contributions may be found in his descriptions of the symptomatology, physical findings, surgical treatment and prognosis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empyema" title="Empyema">thoracic empyema</a>, i.e. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppuration">suppuration</a> of the lining of the chest cavity. His teachings remain relevant to present-day students of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">pulmonary medicine</a> and surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-major_12-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-major-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Hippocrates was the first documented <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiothoracic_Surgery" title="Cardiothoracic Surgery" class="mw-redirect">chest surgeon</a> and his findings are still valid.<sup id="cite_ref-major_12-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-major-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</a> contains the core medical texts of this school. Although once thought to have been written by Hippocrates himself, today, many scholars believe that these texts were written by a series of authors over several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Since it is impossible to determine which may have been written by Hippocrates himself, it is difficult to know which Hippocratic doctrines originated with him.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Asclepieia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Asclepieia">Asclepieia</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kos_Asklepeion.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kos_Asklepeion.jpg/150px-Kos_Asklepeion.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="150" height="90" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kos_Asklepeion.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> View of the <i>Askleipion</i> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kos">Kos</a>, the best preserved instance of an Asklepieion.</div> </div> </div> <p>Temples dedicated to the healer-god <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepius">Asclepius</a>, known as <i>Asclepieia</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ασκληπιεία</span>, sing. <i>Asclepieion</i> <i>Ασκληπιείον</i>), functioned as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-books.google.com-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> At these shrines, patients would enter a dream-like state of induced sleep known as "enkoimesis" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ενκοίμησις</span>) not unlike anesthesia, in which they either received guidance from the deity <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_temple" title="Sleep temple">in a dream</a> or were cured by surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-Askitopoulou.2C_H._2002_p.11-17_15-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-Askitopoulou.2C_H._2002_p.11-17-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Asclepeia provided carefully controlled spaces conducive to healing and fulfilled several of the requirements of institutions created for healing.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_14-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-books.google.com-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> In the Asclepieion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a>, three large marble boards dated to 350 BC preserve the names, case histories, complaints, and cures of about 70 patients who came to the temple with a problem and shed it there. Some of the surgical cures listed, such as the opening of an abdominal abscess or the removal of traumatic foreign material, are realistic enough to have taken place, but with the patient in a state of enkoimesis induced with the help of soporific substances such as opium.<sup id="cite_ref-Askitopoulou.2C_H._2002_p.11-17_15-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-Askitopoulou.2C_H._2002_p.11-17-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Aristotle">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Aristotle">Aristotle</span></h2> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> philosopher <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle">Aristotle</a> was the most influential scholar of the living world from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>. Though his early natural philosophy work was speculative, Aristotle's later biological writings demonstrate great concern for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism">empiricism</a>, biological causation, and the diversity of life.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Aristotle did not experiment, however, holding that items display their real natures in their own environments, rather than controlled artificial ones. While in physics and chemistry, this assumption has been found unhelpful, in zoology and ethology it has not, and Aristotle's work "retains real interest".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">attributes</a> of plants and animals in the world around him, which he devoted considerable attention to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization" title="Categorization">categorizing</a>. In all, Aristotle classified 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50.</p> <p>Aristotle believed that intellectual purposes, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_cause" title="Formal cause" class="mw-redirect">formal causes</a>, guided all natural processes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Such a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleological" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleological">teleological</a> view gave Aristotle cause to justify his observed data as an expression of formal design; for example suggesting that Nature, giving no animal both horns and tusks, was staving off vanity, and generally giving creatures faculties only to such a degree as they are necessary. In a similar fashion, Aristotle believed that creatures were arranged in a graded scale of perfection rising from plants on up to man; : the <i>scala naturae</i> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chain_of_Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Chain of Being">Great Chain of Being</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>He held that the level of a creature's perfection was reflected in its form, but not foreordained by that form. Yet another aspect of his biology divided souls into three groups: a vegetative soul, responsible for reproduction and growth; a sensitive soul, responsible for mobility and sensation; and a rational soul, capable of thought and reflection. He attributed only the first to plants, the first two to animals, and all three to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Aristotle, in contrast to earlier philosophers, and like the Egyptians, placed the rational soul in the heart, rather than the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Notable is Aristotle's division of sensation and thought, which generally went against previous philosophers, with the exception of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> Aristotle's successor at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum">Lyceum</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, wrote a series of books on botany—the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Plantarum" title="Historia Plantarum">History of Plants</a></i>—which survived as the most important contribution of antiquity to botany, even into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Many of Theophrastus' names survive into modern times, such as <i>carpos</i> for fruit, and <i>pericarpion</i> for seed vessel. Rather than focus on formal causes, as Aristotle did, Theophrastus suggested a mechanistic scheme, drawing analogies between natural and artificial processes, and relying on Aristotle's concept of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Efficient cause">efficient cause</a>. Theophrastus also recognized the role of sex in the reproduction of some higher plants, though this last discovery was lost in later ages.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup>The biological/teleological ideas, of Aristotle and Theophrastus as well as their emphasis on a series of axioms rather than on empirical observation, cannot be easily separated from their consequent impact on Western medicine.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Alexandria">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Alexandria">Alexandria</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:161Theophrastus_161_frontespizio.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/161Theophrastus_161_frontespizio.jpg/180px-161Theophrastus_161_frontespizio.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" height="271" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:161Theophrastus_161_frontespizio.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Frontispiece to a 1644 version of the expanded and illustrated edition of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Plantarum">Historia Plantarum</a></i> (ca. 1200), which was originally written around 200 BC</div> </div> </div> <p>Following Theophrastus ( d.286 BC ), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_%28Classical%29" title="Lyceum (Classical)">Lyceum</a> failed to produce any original work. Though interest in Aristotle's ideas survived, they were generally taken unquestioningly.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> It is not until the age of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria">Alexandria</a> under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemies</a> that advances in biology can be again found. The first medical teacher at Alexandria was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herophilos" title="Herophilos">Herophilus of Chalcedon</a>, who corrected Aristotle, placing intelligence in the brain, and connected the nervous system to motion and sensation. Herophilus also distinguished between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a>, noting that the latter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse">pulse</a> while the former do not. He did this using the experiment involving cutting certain vein and arteries in a pigs neck until the squealing stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> In the same vein, he developed a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnostic</a> technique which relied upon distinguishing different types of pulse.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> He, and his contemporary, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasistratus" title="Erasistratus">Erasistratus of Chios</a>, researched the role of veins and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve" class="mw-redirect">nerves</a>, mapping their courses across the body.</p> <p>Erasistratus connected the increased complexity of the surface of the human brain compared to other animals to its superior <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence">intelligence</a>. He sometimes employed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a> to further his research, at one time repeatedly weighing a caged bird, and noting its weight loss between feeding times. Following his teacher's researches into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatics">pneumatics</a>, he claimed that the human system of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> was controlled by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuums</a>, drawing blood across the body. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasistratus">Erasistratus</a>' physiology, air enters the body, is then drawn by the lungs into the heart, where it is transformed into vital spirit, and is then pumped by the arteries throughout the body. Some of this vital spirit reaches the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain">brain</a>, where it is transformed into animal spirit, which is then distributed by the nerves.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Herophilus and Erasistratus performed their experiments upon criminals given to them by their Ptolemaic kings. They <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">dissected these criminals alive</a>, and "while they were still breathing they observed parts which nature had formerly concealed, and examined their position, colour, shape, size, arrangement, hardness, softness, smoothness, connection."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Though a few ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atomists</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius">Lucretius</a> challenged the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleological</a> viewpoint of Aristotelian ideas about life, teleology (and after the rise of Christianity, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_theology">natural theology</a>) would remain central to biological thought essentially until the 18th and 19th centuries. In the words of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a>, "Nothing of any real consequence in biology after Lucretius and Galen until the Renaissance."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> Aristotle's ideas of natural history and medicine survived, but they were generally taken unquestioningly.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Historical legacy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_legacy">Historical legacy</span></h2> <p>Through long contact with Greek culture, and their eventual conquest of Greece, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> absorbed many of the Greek ideas on medicine. Early Roman reactions to Greek medicine ranged from enthusiasm to hostility, but eventually the Romans adopted a favorable view of Hippocratic medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>This acceptance led to the spread of Greek medical theories throughout the Roman Empire, and thus a large portion of the West. The most influential Roman scholar to continue and expand on the Hippocratic tradition was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen">Galen</a> (d. c. 207). Study of Hippocratic and Galenic texts, however, all but disappeared in the Latin West in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, following the collapse of the Western Empire, although the Hippocratic-Galenic tradition of Greek medicine continued to be studied and practiced in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium). After 750 AD, Muslim Arab also had Galen's works in particular translated, and thereafter assimilated the Hippocratic-Galenic tradition, eventually making some of their own expansions upon this tradition, with the most influential being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna">Avicenna</a>. Beginning in the late eleventh century, the Hippocratic-Galenic tradition returned to the Latin West, with a series of translations of the Galenic and Hippocratic texts, mainly from Arabic translations but occasionally from the original Greek. In the Renaissance, more translations of Galen and Hippocrates directly from the Greek were made from newly available Byzantine manuscripts. Galen's influence was so great that even after Western Europeans started making dissections in the thirteenth century, scholars often assimilated findings that should have thrown Galen's accuracy into doubt, into the Galenic model. Vesalius' anatomical texts and pictures were, however, a major improvement on Galen's anatomy. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harvey">William Harvey</a>'s demonstration of blood circulation was perhaps the first real blow to Galen's inaccurate ideas about blood circulation. Nevertheless, the Hippocratic-Galenic practice of bloodletting was practiced into the 19th century, despite its ineffectiveness and the extreme riskiness. The Galenic-Hippocratic tradition was only really replaced when the microscope-based studies of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch">Robert Koch</a>, and others, which demonstrated that disease was not caused by an imbalance of the four humors, but rather by microorganisms such as bacteria.</p><br /></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3314871502839413317-3675396503564873832?l=drugpedia.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>saeedhussainnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3314871502839413317.post-70108604819817042762011-04-28T03:49:00.001-07:002011-04-28T04:05:38.361-07:00<div id="content"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="localNotice"> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent"> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-notice" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Under_construction_icon-blue.svg" class="image"><img alt="Under construction icon-blue.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Under_construction_icon-blue.svg/48px-Under_construction_icon-blue.svg.png" width="48" height="40" /></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style="">This article or section <b>is in the middle of an expansion or major restructuring.</b> You are welcome to assist in its construction by editing it as well. 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clear:right; color:black; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; padding:0.2em; border-spacing:0.4em 0; text-align:center; line-height:1.4em; font-size:88%; width:10em" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"> <caption class="" style="padding-bottom:0.2em; font-size:125%; line-height:1.15em; font-weight:bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alternative_medical_systems" title="Category:Alternative medical systems"><span style="white-space:normal;">Alternative medical systems</span></a></caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; padding:0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChineseMedicine-HK.JPG" class="image"><img alt="ChineseMedicine-HK.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ChineseMedicine-HK.JPG/200px-ChineseMedicine-HK.JPG" width="200" height="150" /></a> <div style="padding-top:0.2em; font-size:85%; line-height:1.2em;">Traditional Chinese medicines/dried goods shop<br />in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsim_Sha_Tsui">Tsim Sha Tsui</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</a>.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalism">Herbalism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha_medicine">Siddha medicine</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine">Traditional medicine</a> (<strong class="selflink">Chinese</strong> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Mongolian</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Tibetan</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unani">Unani</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-top:0.2em; font-weight:bold; background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_alternative_medicine#NCCAM_classifications" title="Glossary of alternative medicine">NCCAM classifications</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom:0.2em; padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Whole_medical_systems" title="Category:Whole medical systems">Whole medical systems</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mind-body_interventions" title="Category:Mind-body interventions">Mind-body interventions</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Biologically_based_therapies" title="Category:Biologically based therapies">Biologically based therapies</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Manipulative_therapy" title="Category:Manipulative therapy">Manipulative therapy</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_therapies" title="Category:Energy therapies">Energy therapies</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-top:0.2em; font-weight:bold; background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;">See also</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom:0.2em; padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_alternative_medicine" title="Glossary of alternative medicine">Glossary</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_in_alternative_medicine" title="List of people in alternative medicine">People</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Alternative_medical_systems" title="Template:Alternative medical systems"><span style="" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style=""><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_medical_systems" title="Template talk:Alternative medical systems"><span style="" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style=""><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Alternative_medical_systems&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style="" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Traditional Chinese medicine</b> (<b>中醫</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>zhōng yī</em>) (TCM), is a label that covers a broad range of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine">traditional medicine</a> practices spread throughout Asia, including various forms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbal_medicine" title="Chinese herbal medicine" class="mw-redirect">herbal medicine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Massage therapy">massage therapy</a>, and dietary therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-TCMNCCAM_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-TCMNCCAM-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The common thread among these diverse practices is a system for balancing the various functions of the body, based in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoist">Daoist</a> principles of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinyang">yinyang</a> and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics_%28beyond_natural_law%29" title="Metaphysics (beyond natural law)" class="mw-redirect">metaphysical belief systems</a>, that originated during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_Period">Warring States Period</a> in regions that are now part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China">China</a>. These practices are a common part of medical care throughout East Asia, accounting for roughly 75% of worldwide use,<sup id="cite_ref-Traditional_Chinese_Healing_Herbs_2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Traditional_Chinese_Healing_Herbs_2007-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scheid_.2C_2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Scheid_.2C_2002-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> but are considered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine">alternative medicine</a> in the western world.<sup id="cite_ref-TCMNCCAM_0-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-TCMNCCAM-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>TCM practices use a different physiological model than modern medicine, and make a number of assumptions that are inconsistent with or untestable under the principles of scientific methods. In general, TCM practices take a holistic approach, viewing the body in terms of organ system based loosely around particular body functions (such as digestion or excretion) rather than in terms of isolated organs. These organ systems are conceived to be interrelated in various systematic ways, and various techniques are used to stimulate or support weakened systems or to soothe or dampen over-excited systems. TCM involves an often subjective diagnosis of the general state of various organ systems followed by ongoing efforts to reestablish a healthy balance between the systems. There is no scientific evidence for these theories of medicine.</p> <p>A broad range of 'over-the-counter' medicinals loosely related to TCM are available. Many of these - such as yinchiao, a commonly used medicinal for colds and flus - are innocuous, but some may contain dangerous chemicals added as ingredients or byproducts of production, and certain sexual potency medicinals are complicit in the near extinction of animals such as the rhinoceros and siberian tiger.<br />TCM is not based on modern anatomical and disease models, complicating research on the efficacy of TCM medicinals and practices. Interpretation of studies of the efficacy of acupuncture remains controversial due largely to questions of designing an effective placebo.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"></span><span class="tocnumber">1</span> Philosophical background</div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Philosophical_background"><span class="toctext"></span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Yin_and_yang"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Yin and yang</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Five_Phases_theory"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Five Phases theory</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#TCM_model_of_the_body"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">TCM model of the body</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Qi"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Qi</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Xue_.28blood.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Xue (blood)</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Jinye_.28bodily_fluids.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Jinye (bodily fluids)</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#The_zang-fu"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">The zang-fu</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Meridians"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Meridians</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Concept_of_disease"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Concept of disease</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Disease_entities"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Disease entities</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Patterns"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Patterns</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#The_Six_Excesses"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Six Excesses</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Typical_examples_of_patterns"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Typical examples of patterns</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Basic_principles_of_pattern_discrimination"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Basic principles of pattern discrimination</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Considerations_of_disease_causes"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Considerations of disease causes</span></a></li></ul> </li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Medicines"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Medicines</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Efficacy"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Efficacy</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Pills_and_powders"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pills and powders</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Chinese_alchemy_.28Pao_zhi.29"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Chinese alchemy (Pao zhi)</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Ecological_impacts_of_use_of_medicines"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ecological impacts of use of medicines</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Techniques"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Techniques</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Acupuncture.2C_moxibustion.2C_and_auriculotherapy"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Acupuncture, moxibustion, and auriculotherapy</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Cupping"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cupping</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Die-da_or_Tieh_Ta"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Die-da or Tieh Ta</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Gua_Sha"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Gua Sha</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Physical_Qigong_exercises"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Physical Qigong exercises</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Breathing_and_meditation_exercise"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Breathing and meditation exercise</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Massage"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Massage</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Fengshui_aesthetics_and_Chinese_astrology"><span class="tocnumber">5.8</span> <span class="toctext">Fengshui aesthetics and Chinese astrology</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#History"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Zhang_Zhongjing.2C_.22Saint_of_Medicine.22"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Zhang Zhongjing, "Saint of Medicine"</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Hua_Tuo.2C_.E2.80.9COriginator_of_Surgery.E2.80.9D"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hua Tuo, “Originator of Surgery”</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Sun_Simiao.2C_.E2.80.9CKing_of_Medicine.E2.80.9D.5B239.5D"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sun Simiao, “King of Medicine”^[239]</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Tao_Hongjing"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Tao Hongjing</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Zhang_Jiegu_.28Zhang_Yuansu.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Zhang Jiegu (Zhang Yuansu)</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Li_Shizhen"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Li Shizhen</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#New_age"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">New age</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Philosophical background">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophical_background">Philosophical background</span></h2> <p>Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought#School_of_Yin-yang" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Yinyangism</a> (i.e., the combination of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_xing" title="Wu xing" class="mw-redirect">Five Phases</a> theory with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin-yang</a> theory),<sup id="cite_ref-Zou_Yan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Zou_Yan-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> which was later absorbed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><br /></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yin_yang.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/200px-Yin_yang.svg.png" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yin_yang.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Yin and Yang symbol for balance. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, good health is believed to be achieved by a balance between Yin and Yang.</div> </div> </div> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Yin and yang">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Yin_and_yang">Yin and yang</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang">Yin and yang</a></div> <p>Yin and yang are ancient Chinese concepts which can be traced back to the Shang dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-Men_.26_Guo_2010.2C_p._60_5-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Men_.26_Guo_2010.2C_p._60-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> (1600-1100 BC). They represent two abstract<sup id="cite_ref-Men_.26_Guo_2010.2C_p._62_6-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Men_.26_Guo_2010.2C_p._62-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> and complimentary aspects every phenomenon in the universe can be divided into.<sup id="cite_ref-Men_.26_Guo_2010.2C_p._60_5-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Men_.26_Guo_2010.2C_p._60-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Primordial analogies for these aspects are the sun-facing (yang) and the shady (yin) side of a hill.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Two other commonly used representational allegories of yin and yang are water and fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Men_.26_Guo_2010.2C_p._62_6-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Men_.26_Guo_2010.2C_p._62-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> In yin-yang theory, detailed attributions are made regarding the yin or yang character of things:</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phenomenon</th> <th>Yin</th> <th>Yang</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Celestial bodies<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._57_8-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._57-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td>moon</td> <td>sun</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Gender<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._57_8-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._57-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td>female</td> <td>male</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Location<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._57_8-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._57-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td>inside</td> <td>outside</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Temperature<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._57_8-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._57-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td>cold</td> <td>hot</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Direction<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._6-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td>downward</td> <td>upward</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Degree of humidity</th> <td>damp/moist</td> <td>dry</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>The concept of yin and yang is also applicable to the human body; for example, the upper part of the body and the back are assigned to yang, while the lower part of the body are believed to have yin character.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Yin and yang characterization also extends to the various body functions, and - more importantly - to disease symptoms (e.g., cold and heat sensations are assumed to be yin and yang symptoms, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._6-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Thus, yin and yang of the body are seen as phenomena whose lack (or overabundance) comes with characteristic symptom combinations:</p> <ul><li>Yin vacuity (also termed "vacuity-heat"): heat sensations, possible night sweats, insomnia, dry pharynx, dry mouth, dark urine, a red tongue with scant fur, and a "fine" and rapid pulse.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Yang vacuity ("vacuity-cold"): aversion to cold, cold limbs, bright white complexion, long voidings of clear urine, diarrhea, pale and enlarged tongue, and a slightly weak, slow and fine pulse.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._142_12-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._142-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>TCM also identifies drugs believed to treat these specific symptom combinations, i.e., to reinforce yin and yang.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wuxing_en.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wuxing_en.svg/200px-Wuxing_en.svg.png" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="235" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wuxing_en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Interactions of Wu Xing</div> </div> </div> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Five Phases theory">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Five_Phases_theory">Five Phases theory</span></h3> <p>Five Phases (五行, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>wǔ xíng</em>, sometimes also translated as "Five Elements")<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._60_14-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._60-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> theory presumes that all phenomena of the universe and of nature can be broken down into five elemental qualities - represented by wood (木, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>mù</em>), fire (火<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>huǒ</em>), earth (土, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>tǔ</em>), metal (金, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>jīn</em>), and water (水, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>shuǐ</em>).<sup id="cite_ref-Aung_.26_Chen_2007.2C_p._8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Aung_.26_Chen_2007.2C_p._8-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> In this way, lines of correspondence can be drawn:</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phenomenon</th> <th>Wood</th> <th>Fire</th> <th>Earth</th> <th>Metal</th> <th>Water</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Direction<sup id="cite_ref-Aung_.26_Chen_2007.2C_p._8_table_16-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Aung_.26_Chen_2007.2C_p._8_table-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td>east</td> <td>south</td> <td>center</td> <td>west</td> <td>north</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Color<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td>green/blue</td> <td>red</td> <td>yellow</td> <td>white</td> <td>black</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Climate<sup id="cite_ref-Aung_.26_Chen_2007.2C_p._8_table_16-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Aung_.26_Chen_2007.2C_p._8_table-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td>wind</td> <td>heat</td> <td>damp</td> <td>dryness</td> <td>cold</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Taste<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td>sour</td> <td>bitter</td> <td>sweet</td> <td>acrid</td> <td>salty</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Sense organ<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td>eye</td> <td>tongue</td> <td>mouth</td> <td>nose</td> <td>ears</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Facial part<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td>above bridge of nose</td> <td>between eyes, lower part</td> <td>bridge of nose</td> <td>between eyes, middle part</td> <td>cheeks (below cheekbone)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Eye part<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <td>iris</td> <td>inner/outer corner of the eye</td> <td>upper and lower lid</td> <td>sclera</td> <td>pupil</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Strict rules are identified to apply to the relationships between the Five Phases in terms of sequence, of acting on each other, of counteraction etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Aung_.26_Chen_2007.2C_p._8_15-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Aung_.26_Chen_2007.2C_p._8-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> All these aspects of Five Phases theory constitute the basis of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zang-fu" title="Zang-fu">zàng-fǔ</a> concept, and thus have great influence regarding the TCM model of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._60_14-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._60-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Five Phase theory is also applied in diagnosis and therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._60_14-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._60-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Correspondences between the body and the universe have historically not only been seen in terms of the Five Elements, but also of the "Great Numbers" (大數, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>dà shū</em>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> For example, the number of acupoints has at times been seen to be 365, in correspondence with the number of days in a year; and the number of main <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridians" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridians">meridians</a> - 12 - has been seen in correspondence with the number of rivers flowing through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">ancient Chinese empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matuk2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Matuk2006-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SDAM_24-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-SDAM-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:191px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChineseMedecine.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/ChineseMedecine.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="189" height="277" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChineseMedecine.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Old Chinese medical chart on acupuncture meridians</div> </div> </div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: TCM model of the body">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="TCM_model_of_the_body">TCM model of the body</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_model_of_the_body">TCM model of the body</a></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" /></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style="">The following text needs to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">harmonized</a> with text in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_model_of_the_body">TCM model of the body</a>.<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>TCM's view of the human body is only marginally concerned with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical</a> structures, but focuses primarily on the body's <i>functions</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> (such as digestion, breathing, temperature maintenance, etc.):</p> <blockquote> <p>"The tendency of Chinese thought is to seek out dynamic functional activity rather than to look for the fixed somatic structures that perform the activities. Because of this, the Chinese have no system of anatomy comparable to that of the West."</p> <p>—Ted Kaptchuck, <i>The Web That Has No Weaver</i></p> </blockquote> <p>These functions are aggregated and then associated with a primary functional entity - for instance, nourishment of the tissues and maintenance of their moisture are seen as connected functions, and the entity postulated to be responsible for these functions is xuě (blood)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> - but this is mainly a matter of stipulation, not anatomical insight.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The primary functional entities used by traditional Chinese medicine are qì, xuě, the five zàng organs, the six fǔ organs, and the meridians which extend through the organ systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Aung.2C_S.K.H._2007_p._19_29-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Aung.2C_S.K.H._2007_p._19-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> These are all theoretically interconnected: each zàng organ is paired with a fǔ organ, which are nourished by the blood and concentrate qi for a particular function, with meridians being extensions of those functional systems throughout the body.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Qi">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Qi">Qi</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi#Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Qi">Qi#Traditional Chinese medicine</a></div> <p>TCM distinguishes not only one but several different kinds of qi (氣).<sup id="cite_ref-Aung.2C_S.K.H._2007_pp_11-12_30-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Aung.2C_S.K.H._2007_pp_11-12-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> In a general sense, qi is something that is defined by five "cardinal functions":<sup id="cite_ref-Aung.2C_S.K.H._2007_pp_11-12_30-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Aung.2C_S.K.H._2007_pp_11-12-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ol><li>Actuation (推動, tuīdòng) - of all physical processes in the body, especially the circulation of all body fluids such as blood in their vessels. This includes actuation of the functions of the zang-fu organs and meridians.</li><li>Warming (溫煦, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>wēnxù</em>) - the body, especially the limbs.</li><li>Defense (防御, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>fángyù</em>) - against Exogenous Pathogenic Factors</li><li>Containment (固攝, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>gùshè</em>) - of body fluids, i.e. keeping blood, sweat, urine, semen etc. from leakage or excessive emission.</li><li>Transformation (氣化, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>qìhuà</em>) - of food, drink, and breath into qi, xue, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Bodily_fluids_.28Jinye.29" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">jinye</a> (“fluids”), and/or transformation of all of the latter into each other.</li></ol> <p>Vacuity of qi will especially be characterized by pale complexion, lassitude of spirit, lack of strength, spontaneous sweating, laziness to speak, non-digestion of food, shortness of breath (especially on exertion), and a pale and enlarged tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._142_12-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._142-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Qi is believed to be partially generated from food and drink, and partially from air (by breathing).<sup id="cite_ref-yinyanghouse.com_32-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-yinyanghouse.com-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> Another considerable part of it is inherited from the parents and will be consumed in the course of life.<sup id="cite_ref-yinyanghouse.com_32-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-yinyanghouse.com-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In terms of location, TCM uses special terms for qi running inside of the blood vessels and for qi which is distributed in the skin, muscles, and tissues between those. The former is called yíng-qì (營氣), its function is to complement xuè and its nature has a strong yin aspect (although qi in general is considered to be yang).<sup id="cite_ref-Elizabeth_Reninger_33-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Elizabeth_Reninger-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> The latter is called weì-qì (衛氣), its main function is defence and it has pronounced yang nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Elizabeth_Reninger_33-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Elizabeth_Reninger-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><br />Qi also circulates in the meridians. Just as the qi held by each of the zang-fu organs, this is considered to be part of the ‘’principal‘’ qi (元氣, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>yuán qì</em>) of the body<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> (also called 真氣 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>zhēn qì</em>, ‘’true‘’ qi, or 原氣 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>yuán qì</em>, ‘’original‘’ qi).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Xue (blood)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Xue_.28blood.29">Xue (blood)</span></h3> <p>In contrast to most of the other functional entities, xuě (血, "blood") is correlated with a physical form - the red liquid running in the blood vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Blood_from_a_TCM_Perspective_36-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Blood_from_a_TCM_Perspective-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> Its concept is, nevertheless, defined by its functions: nourishing all parts and tissues of the body, safeguarding an adequate degree of moisture,<sup id="cite_ref-http_37-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-http-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> and sustaining and soothing both consciousness and sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-Blood_from_a_TCM_Perspective_36-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Blood_from_a_TCM_Perspective-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><br />Typical symptoms of a lack of xuě (usually termed "blood vacuity" [血虚, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>xuě xū</em>}) are described as: Pale-white or whithered-yellow complexion, dizziness, flowery vision, palpitations, insomnia, numbness of the extremities; pale tongue; "fine" pulse.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Jinye (bodily fluids)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Jinye_.28bodily_fluids.29">Jinye (bodily fluids)</span></h4> <p>Closely related to xuě are the jīnyė (津液, usually translated as ‘’body fluids‘’), and just like xuě they are considered to be yin in nature, and defined first and foremost by the functions of nurturing and moisturizing the different structures of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Their other functions are to harmonize yin and yang, and to help with secretion of waste products.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><br />Jīnyė are ultimately extracted from food and drink, and constitute the raw material for the production of xuě; conversely, xuě can also be transformed into jīnyė.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Their palpable manifestations are all bodily fluids: tears, sputum, saliva, gastric juice, joint fluid, sweat, urine, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: The zang-fu">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_zang-fu">The zang-fu</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zang-fu">Zang-fu</a></div> <p>The <b>zàng-fǔ</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">脏腑</span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">臟腑</span>) constitute the centre piece of TCM's systematization of bodily functions. Bearing the names of organs, they are, however, only secondarily tied to (rudimental) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical</a> assumptions (the fǔ a little more, the zàng much less).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> As they are primarily defined by their functions,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> they are not equivalent to the anatomical organs - to highlight this fact, their names are usually capitalized.</p> <p>The term zàng (脏) refers to the five entities considered to be yin in nature - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_%28Chinese_medicine%29" title="Heart (Chinese medicine)">Heart</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_%28Chinese_medicine%29" title="Liver (Chinese medicine)">Liver</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen_%28Chinese_medicine%29" title="Spleen (Chinese medicine)">Spleen</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_%28Chinese_medicine%29" title="Lung (Chinese medicine)">Lung</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_%28Chinese_medicine%29" title="Kidney (Chinese medicine)">Kidney</a> -, while fǔ (腑) refers to the six yang organs - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_Intestine_%28Chinese_medicine%29&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Small Intestine (Chinese medicine) (page does not exist)">Small Intestine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Intestine_%28Chinese_medicine%29" title="Large Intestine (Chinese medicine)" class="mw-redirect">Large Intestine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladder_%28Chinese_medicine%29" title="Gallbladder (Chinese medicine)">Gallbladder</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_Bladder_%28Chinese_medicine%29" title="Urinary Bladder (Chinese medicine)" class="mw-redirect">Urinary Bladder</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_%28Chinese_medicine%29" title="Stomach (Chinese medicine)">Stomach</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jiao" title="San Jiao">Sānjiaō</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup><br />The zàng's essential functions consist in production and storage of qì and blood; in a wider sense they are stipulated to regulate digestion, breathing, water metabolism, the musculoskeletal system, the skin, the sense organs, aging, emotional processes, mental activity etc.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> The fǔ organs' main purpose is merely to transmit and digest (传化, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>chuán-huà</em>)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> substances like waste, food, etc.</p> <p>Since their concept was developed on the basis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_xing" title="Wu xing" class="mw-redirect">Wǔ Xíng</a> philosophy, each zàng is paired with a fǔ, and each zàng-fǔ pair is assigned to one of five elemental qualities (i.e., the Five Elements or Five Phases).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> These correspondences are stipulated as:</p> <ul><li>Fire (火) = Heart (心, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>xīn</em>) and Small Intestine (小肠, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>xiaǒcháng</em>) (and, secondarily, Sānjiaō [三焦, ‘’Triple Burner‘’] and Pericardium [心包, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>xīnbaò</em>])</li><li>Earth (土) = Spleen (脾, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>pí</em>) and Stomach (胃, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>weì</em>)</li><li>Metal (金) = Lung (肺, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>feì</em>) and Large Intestine (大肠, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>dàcháng</em>)</li><li>Water (水) = Kidney (肾, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>shèn</em>) and Bladder (膀胱, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>pǎngguāng</em>)</li><li>Wood (木) = Liver (肝, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>gān</em>) and Gallbladder (胆, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>dān</em>)</li></ul> <p>The zàng-fǔ are also connected to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_%28Chinese_medicine%29#Twelve_standard_meridians" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">twelve standard meridians</a> - each yang meridian is attached to a fǔ organ and five of the yin meridians are attached to a zàng. As there are only five zàng but six yin meridians, the sixth is assigned to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardium_%28Chinese_medicine%29" title="Pericardium (Chinese medicine)">Pericardium</a>, a peculiar entity almost similar to the Heart zàng.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Meridians">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Meridians">Meridians</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_%28Chinese_medicine%29">Meridian (Chinese medicine)</a></div> <p>The meridians (经络, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>jīng-luò</em>) are believed to be channels running from the zàng-fǔ in the interior (里, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>lǐ</em>) of the body to the limbs and joints ("the surface" [表, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>biaǒ</em>]), transporting qi and xuĕ (blood).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> TCM identifies 12 "regular" and 8 "extraordinary" meridians;<sup id="cite_ref-Aung.2C_S.K.H._2007_p._19_29-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Aung.2C_S.K.H._2007_p._19-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> the Chinese terms being 十二经脉 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>shí-èr jīngmài</em>, lit. "the Twelve Vessels") and 奇经八脉 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>qí jīng bā mài</em>) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> There's also a number of less customary channels branching off from the "regular" meridians.<sup id="cite_ref-Aung.2C_S.K.H._2007_p._19_29-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Aung.2C_S.K.H._2007_p._19-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><br /></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Concept of disease">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Concept_of_disease">Concept of disease</span></h2> <p>In general, disease is perceived as a disharmony (or imbalance) in the functions or interactions of yin, yang, qi, xuĕ, zàng-fǔ, meridians etc. and/or of the interaction between the human body and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._77_54-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._77-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><br />Therapy is based on which "pattern of disharmony" can be identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._19.2C_p._148_55-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._19.2C_p._148-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flaws_.26_Finney_1996.2C_p._1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Flaws_.26_Finney_1996.2C_p._1-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> Thus, "pattern discrimination" is the most important step in TCM diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._19.2C_p._148_55-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._19.2C_p._148-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flaws_.26_Finney_1996.2C_p._1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Flaws_.26_Finney_1996.2C_p._1-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> It is also known to be the most difficult aspect of practicing TCM.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> In order to determine which pattern is at hand, practitioners will examine things like the color and shape of the tongue, the relative strength of pulse-points, the smell of the breath, the quality of breathing or the sound of the voice.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maciocia_59-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Maciocia-59"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> For example, depending on tongue and pulse conditions, a TCM practitioner might diagnose bleeding from the mouth and nose as: "Liver fire rushes upwards and scorches the Lung, injuring the blood vessels and giving rise to reckless pouring of blood from the mouth and nose.".<sup id="cite_ref-Deadman_60-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Deadman-60"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> He might then go on to prescribe treatments designed to cool the liver or supplement the lungs.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Disease entities">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Disease_entities">Disease entities</span></h3> <p>In TCM, a disease has two aspects: "bìng" and "zhèng".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_61-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-ReferenceC-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> The former is often translated as "disease entity",<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._146_62-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._146-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> "disease category",<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> "illness",<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_61-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-ReferenceC-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> or simply "diagnosis".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_61-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-ReferenceC-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> The latter, and more important one, is usually translated as "pattern"<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._146_62-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._146-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flaws_1990.2C_p._7_64-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Flaws_1990.2C_p._7-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> (or sometimes also as "syndrome"<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_61-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-ReferenceC-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup>). For example, the disease entity of a common cold might present with a pattern of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#The_Six_Excesses" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">wind-cold</a> in one patient, and with the pattern of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#The_Six_Excesses" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">wind-heat</a> in another.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup><br />From a scientific point of view, most of the disease entitites (病, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>bìng</em>) listed by TCM constitute mere symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._146_62-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._146-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> Examples include headache, cough, abdominal pain, constipation etc.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup><br />Since therapy will not be chosen according to the disease entity but according to the pattern, two patients with the same disease entity but different patterns will receive different therapy. Vice versa, patients with similar patterns might receive similar therapy even if their disease entities are different. This is called 异病同治，同病异治 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>yì bìng tóng zhì, tóng bìng yì zhì</em>,<sup id="cite_ref-Flaws_.26_Finney_1996.2C_p._1_56-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Flaws_.26_Finney_1996.2C_p._1-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> "different diseases, same treatment; same disease, different treatments").</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Patterns">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Patterns">Patterns</span></h3> <p>In TCM, "pattern" (证, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>zhèng</em>) refers to a "pattern of disharmony" or "functional disturbance" within the functional entities the TCM model of the body is composed of.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> There are disharmony patterns of qi, xuě, the body fluids, the zàng-fǔ, and the meridians.<sup id="cite_ref-Clavey_1995.2C_p._xxxi_68-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Clavey_1995.2C_p._xxxi-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> They are ultimately defined by their symptoms and "signs" (i.e., for example, pulse and tongue findings).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup><br />In clinical practise, the identified pattern usually involves a combination of affected entities<sup id="cite_ref-Flaws_1990.2C_p._8_70-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Flaws_1990.2C_p._8-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> (compare with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Typical_examples_of_patterns" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">typical examples of patterns</a>). The concrete pattern identified should account for <i>all</i> the symptoms a patient has.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: The Six Excesses">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_Six_Excesses">The Six Excesses</span></h4> <p>The Six Excesses (六淫, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>liù yín</em>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> sometimes also translated as "Pathogenic Factors",<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> or "Six Pernicious Influences";<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1984.2C_p._39_74-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ross_1984.2C_p._39-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> with the alternative term of 六邪, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>liù xié</em>, - "Six Evils" or "Six Devils"<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1984.2C_p._27_75-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ross_1984.2C_p._27-75"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup>) are allegorical terms used to describe disharmony patterns displaying certain typical symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> These symptoms resemble the effects of six climatic factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1984.2C_p._39_74-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ross_1984.2C_p._39-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> In the allegory, these symptoms can occur because one or more of those climatic factors (called 六气, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>liù qì</em>, "the six qi"<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup>) were able to invade the body surface and to proceed to the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._88_78-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._88-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> This is sometimes used to draw causal relationships (i.e., prior exposure to wind/cold/etc. is identified as the cause of a disease),<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> while other authors explicitly deny a direct cause-effect relationship between weather conditions and disease,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> pointing out that the Six Excesses are primarily descriptions of a certain combination of symptoms<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> translated into a pattern of disharmony.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1984.2C_p._39_74-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ross_1984.2C_p._39-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup><br />It is undisputed, though, that the Six Excesses can manifest inside the body without an external cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._88_78-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._88-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._79_83-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._79-83"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> In this case, they might be denoted "internal", e.g., "internal wind"<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._79_83-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._79-83"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> or "internal fire (or heat)".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup><br />The Six Excesses and their characteristic clinical signs are:</p> <ol><li>Wind (风, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>fēng</em>): rapid onset of symptoms, wandering location of symptoms, itching, nasal congestion, "floating" pulse;<sup id="cite_ref-Deng_1999.2C_p._186_85-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Deng_1999.2C_p._186-85"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> tremor, paralysis, convulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._88_78-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ergil_et_al._2009.2C_p._88-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Cold (寒, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>hàn</em>): cold sensations, aversion to cold, relief of symptoms by warmth, watery/clear excreta, severe pain, abdominal pain, contracture/hypertonicity of muscles, (slimy) white tongue fur, "deep"/"hidden" or "string-like" pulse,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> or slow pulse.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1984.2C_p._38_87-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ross_1984.2C_p._38-87"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Fire/Heat (火, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>huǒ</em>): aversion to heat, high fever, thirst, concentrated urine, red face, red tongue, yellow tongue fur, rapid pulse.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> (Fire and heat are basically seen to be the same)<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._80_89-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._80-89"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Dampness (湿, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>shī</em>): sensation of heaviness, sensation of fullness, symptoms of Spleen dysfunction, greasy tongue fur, "slippery" pulse.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1984.2C_p._38_87-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ross_1984.2C_p._38-87"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Dryness (燥, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>zaò</em>): dry cough, dry mouth, dry throat, dry lips, nosebleeds, dry skin, dry stools.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>Summerheat (署, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>shǔ</em>): either heat or mixed damp-heat symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Six-Excesses-patterns can consist of only one or a combination of Excesses (e.g., wind-cold, wind-damp-heat).<sup id="cite_ref-Deng_1999.2C_p._186_85-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Deng_1999.2C_p._186-85"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> They can also transform from one into another.<sup id="cite_ref-Deng_1999.2C_p._186_85-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Deng_1999.2C_p._186-85"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Typical examples of patterns">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Typical_examples_of_patterns">Typical examples of patterns</span></h4> <p>For each of the functional entities (qi, xuĕ, zàng-fǔ, meridians etc.), typical disharmony patterns are recognized; for example: qi vacuity and qi stagnation in the case of qi;<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> blood vacuity, blood stasis, and blood heat in the case of xuĕ;<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> Spleen qi vacuity, Spleen yang vacuity, Spleen qi vacuity with down-bearing qi, Spleen qi vacuity with lack of blood containment, cold-damp invasion of the Spleen, damp-heat invasion of Spleen and Stomach in case of the Spleen zàng;<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> wind/cold/damp invasion in the case of the meridians.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup><br />TCM gives detailed prescriptions of these patterns regarding their typical symptoms, mostly including characteristic tongue and/or pulse findings.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> For example:</p> <ul><li>"Upflaming Liver fire" (肝火上炎, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>gānhuǒ shàng yán</em>): Headache, red face, reddened eyes, dry mouth, nosebleeds, constipation, dry or hard stools, profuse menstruation, sudden tinnitus or deafness, vomiting of sour or bitter fluids, expectoration of blood, irascibility, impatience; red tongue with dry yellow fur; slippery and string-like pulse.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Basic principles of pattern discrimination">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Basic_principles_of_pattern_discrimination">Basic principles of pattern discrimination</span></h4> <p>The process of determining which actual pattern is on hand is called 辩证 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>biàn zhèng</em>, usually translated as "pattern diagnosis",<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> "pattern identification"<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._127_100-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._127-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> or "pattern discrimination"<sup id="cite_ref-Flaws_1990.2C_p._7_64-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Flaws_1990.2C_p._7-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup>). Generally, the first and most important step in pattern diagnosis is an evaluation of the present signs and symptoms on the basis of the "Eight Principles" (八纲, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>bā gāng</em>).<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._127_100-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._127-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> These eight principles refer to four pairs of fundamental qualities of a disease: exterior/interior, heat/cold, vacuity/repletion, and yin/yang.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._127_100-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._127-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> Out of these, heat/cold and vacuity/repletion have the biggest clinical importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._127_100-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._127-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> The yin/yang quality, on the other side, has the smallest importance and is somewhat seen aside from the other three pairs, since it merely presents a general and vague conclusion regarding what other qualities are found.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._127_100-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._127-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> In detail, the Eight Principles refer to the following:</p> <ul><li><i>Exterior</i> (表, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>biaǒ</em>) refers to a disease manifesting in the superficial layers of the body - skin, hair, flesh, and meridians.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._128_102-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._128-102"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> It is characterized by aversion to cold and/or wind, headache, muscle ache, mild fever, a "floating" pulse, and a normal tongue appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._128_102-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._128-102"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><i>Interior</i> (里, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>lǐ</em>)refers to disease manifestation in the zàng-fǔ, or (in a wider sense) to any disease that can not be counted as exterior.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup> There are no generalized characteristic symptoms of interior patterns, since they'll be determined by the affected zàng or fǔ entity.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><i>Cold</i> (寒, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>hàn</em>) is generally characterized by aversion to cold, absence of thirst, and a white tongue fur.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._132_105-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._132-105"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> More detailed characterization depends on whether cold is coupled with vacuity or repletion.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._132_105-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._132-105"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><i>Heat</i> (热, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>rè</em>) is characterized by absence of aversion to cold, a red and painful throat, a dry tongue fur and a rapid and floating pulse, if it falls together with an exterior pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._141_106-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._141-106"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> In all other cases, symptoms depend on whether heat is coupled with vacuity or repletion.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><i>Vacuity</i> (虚, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>xū</em>) can be further differentiated into vacuity of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Qi" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">qi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Blood_.28Xue.29" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">xuě</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Yin_and_yang" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">yin and yang</a>, with all their respective characteristic symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Yin_and_yang" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Yin vacuity</a> can also be termed "vacuity-heat", while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Yin_and_yang" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">yang vacuity</a> is equivalent to "vacuity-cold".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><i>Repletion</i> (实, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>shí</em>) generally refers to any disease that can't be identified as a vacuity pattern, and usually indicates the presence of one of the Six Excesses,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-110"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup> or a pattern of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#stagnation" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">stagnation</a> (of qi, xuě, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-111"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup> In a concurrent exterior pattern, repletion is characterized by the absence of sweating.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._141_106-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._141-106"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> The signs and symptoms of repletion-cold patterns are equivalent to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#The_Six_Excesses" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">cold excess</a> patterns, and repletion-heat is similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#The_Six_Excesses" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">heat excess</a> patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-112"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang">Yin and yang</a></i> are universal aspects all things can be classified under, this includes diseases in general as well as the Eight Principles' first three couples.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._138_113-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._138-113"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup> For example, cold is identified to be a yin aspect, while heat is attributed to yang.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._138_113-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._138-113"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup> Since descriptions of patterns in terms of yin and yang lack complexity and clinical practicality, though, patterns are usually not labelled this way anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._138_113-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._138-113"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup> Exceptions are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Yin_and_yang" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">vacuity-cold</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#The_Six_Excesses" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">repletion-heat</a> patterns, who are sometimes referred to as "yin patterns" and "yang patterns" respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._138_113-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._138-113"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>After the fundamental nature of a disease in terms of the Eight Principles is determined, the investigation focuses on more specific aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._127_100-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._127-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> By evaluating the present signs and symptoms against the background of typical disharmony patterns of the various entities, evidence is collected whether or how specific entities are affected.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-114"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup> This evaluation can be done</p> <ol><li>in respect of the meridians (经络辩证, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>jīng-luò biàn zhèng</em>)<sup id="cite_ref-Flaws_1990.2C_p._8_70-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Flaws_1990.2C_p._8-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>in respect of qi (气血辩证, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>qì xuě biàn zhèng</em>)<sup id="cite_ref-Flaws_1990.2C_p._7_64-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Flaws_1990.2C_p._7-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>in respect of xuě (气血辩证, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>qì xuě biàn zhèng</em>)<sup id="cite_ref-Flaws_1990.2C_p._7_64-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Flaws_1990.2C_p._7-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>in respect of the body fluids (津液辩证, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>jīn-yė biàn zhèng</em>)<sup id="cite_ref-Flaws_1990.2C_p._7_64-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Flaws_1990.2C_p._7-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>in respect of the zàng-fǔ (脏腑辩证, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>zàng-fǔ biàn zhèng</em>)<sup id="cite_ref-Flaws_1990.2C_p._7_64-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Flaws_1990.2C_p._7-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> - very similar to this, though less specific, is disharmony pattern description in terms of the Five Elements [五行辩证, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>wǔ xíng biàn zhèng</em>]<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-115"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup>)</li></ol> <p>There are also three special pattern diagnosis systems used in case of febrile and infectious diseases only ("Six Channel system" or "six division pattern" [六经辩证, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>liù jīng biàn zhèng</em>]; "Wei Qi Ying Xue system" or "four division pattern" [卫气营血辩证, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>weì qì yíng xuě biàn zhèng</em>]; "San Jiao system" or "three burners pattern" [三角辩证, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>sānjiaō biàn zhèng</em>]).<sup id="cite_ref-Clavey_1995.2C_p._xxxi_68-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Clavey_1995.2C_p._xxxi-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-116"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Considerations of disease causes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Considerations_of_disease_causes">Considerations of disease causes</span></h4> <p>Although TCM and its concept of disease do not strongly differentiate between cause and effect,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-117"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup> pattern discrimination can include considerations regarding the disease cause; this is called 病因辩证 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>bìngyīn biàn zhèng</em>, "disease-cause pattern discrimination").<sup id="cite_ref-Flaws_1990.2C_p._8_70-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Flaws_1990.2C_p._8-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>There are three fundamental categories of disease causes (三因, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>sān yīn</em>) recognized:<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._77_54-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._77-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ol><li>external causes: these include the Six Excesses and "Pestilential Qi".<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._77_54-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._77-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>internal causes: the "Seven Affects" (七情, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>qì qíng</em>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._77_54-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._77-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> sometimes also translated as "Seven Emotions"<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1984.2C_p._40_118-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ross_1984.2C_p._40-118"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup>) - joy, anger, pensiveness, sorrow, fear, fright and grief.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1984.2C_p._40_118-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ross_1984.2C_p._40-118"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup> These are believed to be able to cause damage to the functions of the zàng-fú, especially of the Liver.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-119"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>non-external-non-internal causes: dietary irregularities (especially: too much raw, cold, spicy, fatty or sweet food; voracious eating; too much alcohol),<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup> fatigue, sexual intemperance, trauma, and parasites (虫, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>chóng</em>).<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._77_54-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Wiseman_.26_Ellis_1996.2C_p._77-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Medicines">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Medicines">Medicines</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medicines_in_traditional_Chinese_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medicines in traditional Chinese Medicine">List of medicines in traditional Chinese Medicine</a></div> <dl><dd> <dl><dd><i>"The method of appropriately using herbs in accordance with the symptom and sign presentation of the patient entails determining substances with the correct qi, taste, yin and yang, and thick and thin properties as well as the pathogenic factor involved and the meridian it has entered."</i> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jiegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Jiegu">Zhang Jiegu</a></dd></dl> </dd></dl> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seahorse_Skeleton_Macro_8_-_edit.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Seahorse_Skeleton_Macro_8_-_edit.jpg/200px-Seahorse_Skeleton_Macro_8_-_edit.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="267" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seahorse_Skeleton_Macro_8_-_edit.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Dried <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse" title="Seahorse">seahorses</a> like these are extensively used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine">traditional medicine</a> in China and elsewhere</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Shark_fin_large.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Shark_fin_large.jpg/200px-Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Shark_fin_large.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Shark_fin_large.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Two large shark fins on display. Chinese Medicine in a Chinese pharmacy in Yokohama, Japan. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_fin_soup">Shark fin soup</a> is believed to have health benefits by the Chinese</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ganoderma_lucidum_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ganoderma_lucidum_01.jpg/200px-Ganoderma_lucidum_01.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ganoderma_lucidum_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> "Supernatural mushroom"- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingzhi_mushroom" title="Lingzhi mushroom">Lingzhi</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&amp;wpDestFile=Xi%27an_traditional_medicine_market_%2813%29.JPG" class="new" title="File:Xi'an traditional medicine market (13).JPG">File:Xi'an traditional medicine market (13).JPG</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Dried plants and animals parts are used in traditional Chinese medicines. In the image are dried "Supernatural mushrooms" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingzhi_mushroom" title="Lingzhi mushroom">Lingzhi</a>), dried curled snakes, turtle shell underbelly (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastron">plastron</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraitia_grosvenorii" title="Siraitia grosvenorii">Luo Han Guo</a>, and species of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng">ginseng</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:132px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&amp;wpDestFile=Xi%27an_traditional_medicine_market_%2818%29.JPG" class="new" title="File:Xi'an traditional medicine market (18).JPG">File:Xi'an traditional medicine market (18).JPG</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Ready to drink macerated medicinal liquor with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji_berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Goji berry">goji berry</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokay_gecko">tokay gecko</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng">ginseng</a>, for sale at a traditional medicine market in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gingembre.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gingembre.jpg/200px-Gingembre.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="125" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gingembre.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger">Ginger</a> is consumed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China">China</a> as food and as medicine.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_ginseng.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Red_ginseng.JPG/200px-Red_ginseng.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="267" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_ginseng.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Chinese red ginseng roots</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flora_Sinensis_-_Rhabarbarum.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flora_Sinensis_-_Rhabarbarum.JPG/200px-Flora_Sinensis_-_Rhabarbarum.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="269" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flora_Sinensis_-_Rhabarbarum.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Chinese rhubarb depicted by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Boym">Michał Boym</a> (1655)</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_annua%2801%29.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Artemisia_annua%2801%29.jpg/200px-Artemisia_annua%2801%29.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="280" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_annua%2801%29.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Wormwood is used to treat fevers. It has been found to have antimalarial properties.</div> </div> </div> <p>Traditional Chinese medicines are made from plants and herbs, and occasionally from organ meats or other substances. Medicinals are typically constructed from a number of materials designed - according to its theory - to stimulate certain organ systems or to balance out the undesired aspects of other materials used. These are often provided in dried form to be steeped into a tea, though practitioners may suggest them as dietary changes instead - adding certain organ meats or herbs to meals, for instance - or they may be powdered and used in pill form. There are roughly 13,000 medicinals used in China and over 100,000 medicinal recipes recorded in the ancient literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Certainprogress_121-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Certainprogress-121"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup> Some conceptions of the theory believe that toxicity is needed to fight pathogens in the body, similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-122"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> so chemicals considered to be toxic are used in some preparations. Further, ingredients may have different names in different locales or in historical texts, and different preparations may have similar names for the same reason, which creates inconsistencies and confusion in the creation of medicinals.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-123"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup> resulting in poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-126"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Plant elements and extracts are by far the most common elements used in medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_127-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Foster-127"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup> In the classic <i>Handbook of Traditional Drugs</i> from 1941, 517 drugs were listed - out of these, 45 were animal parts, and 30 were minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_127-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Foster-127"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_oil">Snake oil</a>, which is used traditionally for joint pain as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liniment">liniment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SOWJM_128-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-SOWJM-128"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup> is the most widely known Chinese medicine in the west, due to extensive marketing in the west in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and wild claims of its efficacy to treat many maladies; however, there is no clinical evidence that it is effective.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWJM_128-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-SOWJM-128"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FHFK_129-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-FHFK-129"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Certain ingredients used traditionally can be dangerous, such as secretions from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_toad">Asiatic toad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LICHT_130-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-LICHT-130"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup> powdered centipede,<sup id="cite_ref-CAT_131-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-CAT-131"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup> the Chinese beetle (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mylabris_phalerata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mylabris phalerata (page does not exist)">Mylabris phalerata</a></i>, Ban mao),<sup id="cite_ref-IDCD_132-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-IDCD-132"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup> and certain fungi.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-133"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The animal parts can be considered rather strange such as cows' gallstones,<sup id="cite_ref-Hesketh1997_134-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Hesketh1997-134"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup> and can include the parts of endangered species, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_penis">tiger penis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Harding_135-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Harding-135"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2008_report_from_TRAFFIC_136-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-2008_report_from_TRAFFIC-136"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros horn">rhinoceros horn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FTCMRH_137-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-FTCMRH-137"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup> The black market in rhinoceros horn decimated the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-RH_138-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-RH-138"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup> Concerns have also arisen over the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle">turtle</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastron">plastron</a><sup id="cite_ref-guiban_139-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-guiban-139"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse" title="Seahorse">seahorses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pbs.org_140-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Pbs.org-140"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup> In general, Chinese traditional medicine emphasizes the penis of animals as therapeutic.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_135-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Harding-135"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup> Traditional Chinese Medicine also includes some human parts: the classic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_medica">Materia medica</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencao_Gangmu">Bencao Gangmu</a>) describes the use of 35 human body parts and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Excreta">excreta</a> in medicines, including bones, fingernail, hairs, dandruff, earwax, impurities on the teeth, feces, urine, sweat, organs, but most are no longer in use.<sup id="cite_ref-HDCM_141-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-HDCM-141"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HBNC_142-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-HBNC-142"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBSH_143-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-CBSH-143"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Ginseng is the most broadly used substance for the most broad set of alleged cures. Powdered pre-calcified antler, horns, teeth, and bones are second in importance to ginseng, with claims ranging from curing cancer to improving immune system function to curing impotence.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>A short list of common and exotic ingredients used in Chinese medicine</caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Aconite root</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconite root</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum" title="Aconitum">wolfsbane</a>) is a root commonly used in TCM.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-144"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup> Aconite root contains <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">neurotoxin aconitine</a>, which is a potent toxin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19514874_145-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-pmid19514874-145"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup> There is no <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidote">antidote</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Arsenic (Realgar)</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic">Arsenic</a> sulfide (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realgar">Realgar</a>, xiong huang) is a toxic mineral used in TCM under the belief that it kills intestinal parasites, treats sore throats, treat swellings, abscesses, itching, and rashes.<sup id="cite_ref-RA_146-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-RA-146"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup> It is most commonly sold as a powder and given as a pill or capsule, although it is also incorporated into a mixture with other TCM medicinal ingredients.<sup id="cite_ref-RA_146-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-RA-146"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Actinolitum</td> <td>Actinolitum is not a commonly used substance, but has been used to treat impotence. It is toxic in its fibrous form.<sup id="cite_ref-ERTCM_147-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-ERTCM-147"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Beetle</td> <td>Chinese beetle (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mylabris_phalerata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mylabris phalerata (page does not exist)">Mylabris phalerata</a></i>, Ban mao) is believed under TCM to treat skin lesions, because it causes them.<sup id="cite_ref-ESTC_148-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-ESTC-148"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-149"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup> It contains the toxic chemical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantharidin">cantharidin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IDCD_132-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-IDCD-132"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Camellia</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">Camellia</a> tea from India, Sri Lanka, Java, Japan is used in TCM for aches and pains, digestion, depression, detoxification, as an energizer and, to prolong life.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-150"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cayenne</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayanneis</a> believed under TCM to be a prophylactic medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-151"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Centipede</td> <td>Powdered centipede (wu gong) is believed under TCM to treat lockjaw, seizures, convulsions, skin lesions, and pain.<sup id="cite_ref-CAT_131-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-CAT-131"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup> It is toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-CAT_131-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-CAT-131"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chinese cucumber</td> <td>Chinese cucumber (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichosanthes_kirilowi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trichosanthes kirilowi (page does not exist)">Trichosanthes kirilowi</a>) is believed to treat tumors, reduce fevers, swelling and coughing, abscesses, amenorrhea, jaundice, and polyuria. Extracts are extremely toxic. Side effects include hormone changes, allergic reaction, fluid in the lungs or brain, bleeding in the brain, heart damage, seizures, and fever.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-152"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chrysanthemum flowers</td> <td>Chrysanthemum flowers (Ju Hua) are used in TCM under a belief that it treats headaches, fever, dizziness and dry eyes. It is also popular for use in teas as a beverage.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-153"><span>[</span>154<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cocklebur fruit</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocklebur">Cocklebur</a> fruit (Xanthium, cang er zi) is one of the most important herbs in TCM, which believes it can be used to treat sinus congestion, chronic nasal obstructions and discharges, and respiratory allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-154"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup> Xanthium is toxic and causes vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-155"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cow dipper</td> <td>Cow dipper (sheng ban xia, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinellia_ternata">Pinellia ternata</a>) is believed under TCM to be the strongest of all TCM herbs for removing phlegm.<sup id="cite_ref-PTI_156-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-PTI-156"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup> Cow dipper is highly toxic to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-157"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup> Traditional Chinese medicine advocates believe toxicity can be reduced in their method of preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-PTI_156-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-PTI-156"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Croton seed</td> <td>Croton seed (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croton_tiglium">Croton tiglium</a></i>)is believed under TCM to treat gastrointestinal disorders, convulsions, and skin lesions. It is often used with rhubarb, dried ginger and apricot seed.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-158"><span>[</span>159<span>]</span></a></sup> Croton contains cancer causing chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-159"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deer_Penis_wine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deer Penis wine (page does not exist)">Deer penis</a></td> <td>Deer penis is commonly sold in Chinese pharmacies as an effective remedy for athletic injuries, to enhance male virility, and to be an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-160"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-161"><span>[</span>162<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> China banned deer penis during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ginger</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger root</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingiber_officinale" class="mw-redirect" title="Zingiber officinale">Zingiber officinale</a></i>) has been used in China for over 2,000 years under a belief that it aids digestion and treats upset stomach, diarrhea, and nausea. TCM also teaches that it helps treat arthritis, colic, diarrhea, and heart conditions. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that it treats the common cold, flu-like symptoms, headaches, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cramp" title="Menstrual cramp" class="mw-redirect">menstrual cramps</a>. Today, health care professionals commonly recommend to help prevent or treat nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness, pregnancy, and cancer chemotherapy. It is also used as a digestive aid for mild stomach upset, as support in inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, and may even be used in heart disease or cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-162"><span>[</span>163<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></td> <td>seeds are crushed and believed under TCM to treat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-163"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup> Ginkgo has been used in TCM for nearly 5,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-GBA_164-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-GBA-164"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup> Further studies to establish the efficacy both as used under TCM beliefs and for proposed uses as an evidence based medicine are required.<sup id="cite_ref-GBA_164-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-GBA-164"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng">Ginseng</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng">Ginseng</a> root is the most widely sold traditional Chinese medicine. The name "ginseng" is used to refer to both American (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panax_quinquefolius" class="mw-redirect" title="Panax quinquefolius">Panax quinquefolius</a>) and Asian or Korean ginseng (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panax_ginseng" class="mw-redirect" title="Panax ginseng">Panax ginseng</a>), which belong to the species Panax and have a similar chemical makeup. Siberian ginseng or Eleuthero (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleutherococcus_senticosus">Eleutherococcus senticosus</a>) is another type of plant. Asian ginseng has a light tan, gnarled root that often looks like a human body with stringy shoots for arms and legs. In ancient times, herbalists thought that because of the way ginseng looks it could treat many different kinds of syndromes, from fatigue and stress to asthma and cancer. In traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng was often combined with other herbs and used often to bring longevity, strength, and mental alacrity to its users. Asian ginseng is believed to enhance the immune system in preventing and treating infection and disease. Several clinical studies report that Asian ginseng can improve immune function. Studies have found that ginseng seems to increase the number of immune cells in the blood, and improve the immune system's response to a flu vaccine. In one study, 227 participants received either ginseng or placebo for 12 weeks, with a flu shot administered after 4 weeks. The number of colds and flu were two-thirds lower in the group that took ginseng.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-165"><span>[</span>166<span>]</span></a></sup>|</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Goji berry</td> <td>Marketing literature for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji_berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Goji berry">goji berry</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfberry">wolfberry</a>) products including several "goji juices" suggest that wolfberry <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">polysaccharides</a> have extensive biological effects and health benefits. |A May 2008 clinical study published by the peer-reviewed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine">Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine</a> indicated that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric">parametric</a> data, including body weight, did not show significant differences between subjects receiving <i>Lycium barbarum</i> berry juice and subjects receiving the placebo; the study concluded that subjective measures of health were improved and suggested further research in humans was necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-166"><span>[</span>167<span>]</span></a></sup> This study, however, was subject to a variety of criticisms concerning its experimental design and interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-167"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hornets nest</td> <td>Hornets nest (lu feng fang) is used under a belief that it can treat skin disorders and ringworm.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-168"><span>[</span>169<span>]</span></a></sup> It may be toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-IDCD_132-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-IDCD-132"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Horny goat weed</td> <td>Horny goat weed (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimedium">Epimedium</a> spp.</i>, Yin Yang Huo, 淫羊藿) is believed to be an aphrodisiac.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-169"><span>[</span>170<span>]</span></a></sup> Exploitation of wild populations is having potentially serious consequences for the long-term survival of several species.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-170"><span>[</span>171<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lead (Galena)</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_oxide">Lead oxide</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena">Galena</a>, mi tuo seng) is believed under TCM to treat ringworm, skin disorders, and ulcers. It is crushed and taken orally or used on the skin. Lead is toxic to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-171"><span>[</span>172<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mercury (Cinnabar)</td> <td>Despite its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic" title="Toxic" class="mw-redirect">toxicity</a>, sulfide of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>) has historically been used in Chinese medicine, where it is called <i>zhūshā</i> (<a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%A0%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:朱砂">朱砂</a>), and was highly valued in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_alchemy">Chinese Alchemy</a>. It was also referred to as <i>dān</i> (<a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:丹">丹</a>), meaning all of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_alchemy">Chinese alchemy</a>, cinnabar, and the "elixir of immortality". <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabar">Cinnabar</a> (HgS, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide">sulfide</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>) has been used in Traditional Chinese medicine as a sedative for more than 2000 years, and has been shown to have sedative and toxic effects in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-NEC_172-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-NEC-172"><span>[</span>173<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rhinoceros horn</td> <td>Rhinoceros horn is used as an antifever agent, because it is believed to "cool the blood".<sup id="cite_ref-FTCMRH_137-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-FTCMRH-137"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup> The black market in rhinoceros horn decimated the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-RH_138-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-RH-138"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Leech</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leech">Leech</a> (shui zhi) is believed under TCM to treat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenorrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhea</a>, abdominal and chest pain, and constipation.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_173-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-LAT-173"><span>[</span>174<span>]</span></a></sup> It is toxic and so is believed under TCM to treat toxics.<sup id="cite_ref-ESTC_148-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-ESTC-148"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LAT_173-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-LAT-173"><span>[</span>174<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rhubarb</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhubarb">Rhubarb</a> (大黄) is a large root and was once one of the first herbs that was imported from China.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-174"><span>[</span>175<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Scorpion</td> <td>Sorpions (quan xie) are ground into a powder and mixed with water.<sup id="cite_ref-SAT_175-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-SAT-175"><span>[</span>176<span>]</span></a></sup> Scorpions are poisonous. Powdered scorpion is toxic, so is believed to be usable to treat other toxins.<sup id="cite_ref-SAT_175-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-SAT-175"><span>[</span>176<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Seahorse</td> <td>Seahorse fish is a fundamental ingredient in therapies for a variety of disorders, including asthma, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a>, incontinence, impotence, thyroid disorders, skin ailments, broken bones, heart disease, as well as to facilitate childbirth and even as an aphrodisiac.<sup id="cite_ref-Pbs.org_140-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Pbs.org-140"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thunder Vine</td> <td>Thunder Vine (Lei Gong Teng, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radix_tripterygii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Radix tripterygii (page does not exist)">Radix tripterygii</a> wilfordii</i>, or lei gong teng) use is on the rise in TCM because of a belief under TCM that it treats arthritis, relieves pain and reduces joint swelling.<sup id="cite_ref-TB_176-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-TB-176"><span>[</span>177<span>]</span></a></sup> It is an extremely toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-TB_176-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-TB-176"><span>[</span>177<span>]</span></a></sup> Within two to three hours after ingestion, a patient may begin to have gastrointestinal problems, headache, dizziness, severe vomiting (sometimes with blood), chills, high fever, and irregular heart beat. Damage to the central nervous system follows, as well as internal bleeding of the (real) organs, then their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis">necrosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TB_176-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-TB-176"><span>[</span>177<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shark fin</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_fin_soup">Shark fin soup</a> is traditionally regarded as beneficial for health in East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Sfgate.com_177-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Sfgate.com-177"><span>[</span>178<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Strychnine tree seeds</td> <td>Strychnine tree seeds (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnos_nux-vomica">Strychnos nux-vomica</a>, Ma Qian Zi) are marketed and sold with a claim to treat diseases of the respiratory tract, anemia, and geriatric complaints. It contains toxic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnine">strychnine</a>, so can also be used as a poison for rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-178"><span>[</span>179<span>]</span></a></sup> Dan Besky writes in his <i>Materia Medica</i> that "due to the small difference between the therapeutic and toxic doses, use of strychni semen (ma quian zi) bears a high risk of inducing severe poisoning and for this reason should be regarded as an obsolete drug".<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-179"><span>[</span>180<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_wormwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet wormwood">Sweet wormwood</a></td> <td>Sweet wormwood (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_annua">Artemisia annua</a></i>, Qing Hao) is believed under TCM to treat fever, headache, dizziness, stopping bleeding, and alternating fever and chills.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-180"><span>[</span>181<span>]</span></a></sup> It had fallen out of common use under TCM until it was rediscovered in 1970's when the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Handbook_of_Prescriptions_for_Emergency_Treatments&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments (page does not exist)">Chinese Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments</a></i> (340 AD) was found. This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacopeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacopeia">pharmacopeia</a> contained recipes for a tea from dried leaves, prescribed for fevers (not specifically <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria">malaria</a>). The plant extracts in TCM have the antimalarial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin">artemisinin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-181"><span>[</span>182<span>]</span></a></sup>|</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Supernatural mushroom</td> <td>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural">supernatural</a> mushroom (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingzhi_mushroom">lingzhi mushroom</a>, Chinese “linh chi” = “supernatural mushroom”, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reishi_mushroom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reishi mushroom (page does not exist)">reishi mushroom</a>" in Japan) encompasses several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal">fungal</a> species of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_%28biology%29" title="Genus (biology)" class="mw-redirect">genus</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganoderma">Ganoderma</a></i>, and most commonly refers to the closely related species, <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganoderma_tsugae">Ganoderma tsugae</a></i>. <i>G. lucidum</i> enjoys special veneration in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia">East Asia</a>, where it has been used as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal mushroom">medicinal mushroom</a> in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2,000 years,<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-182"><span>[</span>183<span>]</span></a></sup> making it one of the oldest mushrooms known to have been used medicinally.|</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_penis">Tiger penis</a></td> <td>Popular "medicinal" tiger parts from poached animals include tiger penis, believed to improve virility, and tiger eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_135-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Harding-135"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-online_183-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-online-183"><span>[</span>184<span>]</span></a></sup> Laws protecting even critically endangered species such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_Tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatran Tiger">Sumatran Tiger</a> fail to stop the display and sale of these items in open markets.<sup id="cite_ref-2008_report_from_TRAFFIC_136-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-2008_report_from_TRAFFIC-136"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Turtle shell</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Willow bark</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Salix genus plants</a> were used since the time of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> (400 BC) when patients were advised to chew on the bark to reduce fever and inflammation. Willow bark has been used throughout the centuries in China and Europe to the present for the treatment of pain (particularly low back pain and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache">headache</a>, and inflammatory conditions such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursitis">bursitis</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinitis">tendinitis</a>. The bark of white willow contains salicin, which is a chemical similar to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). It is thought to be responsible for the pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory effects of the herb. In the 1829, salicin was used to develop aspirin. White willow appears to be slower than aspirin to bring pain relief, but its effects may last longer.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-184"><span>[</span>185<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Efficacy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Efficacy">Efficacy</span></h3> <p>Regarding Traditional Chinese herbal therapy, only few trials of adequate methodology exist and its effectiveness therefore remains poorly documented.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-185"><span>[</span>186<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Pills and powders">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pills_and_powders">Pills and powders</span></h3> <p>The TCM industry traditionally supplied medicines as powders to be measured and/or compounded by individual practitioners. More recently, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble">soluble</a> granules and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablets" class="mw-redirect" title="Tablets">tablets</a> have become available with specific dosage levels. Modern formulations in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pill_%28pharmacy%29" title="Pill (pharmacy)">pills</a> and sachets used 675 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant">plant</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> ingredients and about 25 from non-plant sources such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Snakes">snakes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geckos" class="mw-redirect" title="Geckos">geckos</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toads" class="mw-redirect" title="Toads">toads</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Frogs">frogs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworms" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthworms">earthworms</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2010" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Chinese alchemy (Pao zhi)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Chinese_alchemy_.28Pao_zhi.29">Chinese alchemy (Pao zhi)</span></h3> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_alchemy">Chinese alchemy</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pao_zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pao zhi">Pao zhi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pao_chi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pao chi (page does not exist)">Pao chi</a>) refers to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy">alchemy</a> of processing medicines in TCM, such as honey or wine frying and roasting with toxic metals such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead">lead</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic">arsenic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PZ_186-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-PZ-186"><span>[</span>187<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MTACI_187-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-MTACI-187"><span>[</span>188<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Ecological impacts of use of medicines">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ecological_impacts_of_use_of_medicines">Ecological impacts of use of medicines</span></h3> <p>Animal products are used in certain Chinese preparations, which may disturb <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservationist" title="Conservationist">conservationists</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan" title="Vegan" class="mw-redirect">vegans</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarians">vegetarians</a>. If informed of such restrictions, practitioners can often use alternative substances.</p> <p>The practice of using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species">endangered species</a> is controversial within TCM. Modern Materia Medicas such as Bensky, Clavey and Stoger's comprehensive Chinese herbal text discuss substances derived from endangered species in an appendix, emphasizing alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Bensky_Clavey_Stoger_188-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Bensky_Clavey_Stoger-188"><span>[</span>189<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Poachers hunt restricted animals to supply the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market">black market</a> for such products.<sup id="cite_ref-Brian_K._Weirum.2C_Special_to_the_Chronicle_189-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Brian_K._Weirum.2C_Special_to_the_Chronicle-189"><span>[</span>190<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newscientist.com_190-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Newscientist.com-190"><span>[</span>191<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights">animal rights</a> movement claims that traditional Chinese medicinal solutions still use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_bile" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear bile">bear bile</a> (xíong dǎn). In 1988, the Chinese Ministry of Health started controlling bile production, which previously used bears killed before winter. Now bears are fitted with a sort of permanent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter">catheter</a>, which was more profitable than killing the bears.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_191-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-ReferenceA-191"><span>[</span>192<span>]</span></a></sup> The treatment itself and especially the extraction of the bile is very painful, and damages their stomach and intestines, often resulting in their eventual death. Increased international attention has mostly stopped the use of bile outside of China; gallbladders from butchered cattle (niú dǎn / 牛膽 / 牛胆) are recommended as a substitute for this ingredient.</p> <p>Medicinal use is impacting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse">seahorse</a> populations.</p> <p>Ecological effects are greater than just on the species used in TCM. The worldwide shark population has been devastated to a small fraction of its original population by a growing demand for shark fin soup. Sharks fins are cut off and the live shark which is then dumped back in the ocean to sink and slowly die. Once considered only for rare occasions, with a growing Asian middle class, there is an accompanying demand for shark fin. Sharks take many years to mature to give birth. The problem does not only affect sharks. Since sharks are the top predator in the food chain, the impact on shark populations threatens to throw the entire marine ecosystem out of balance, with an unpredictable outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-192"><span>[</span>193<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Techniques">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Techniques">Techniques</span></h2> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Acupuncture, moxibustion, and auriculotherapy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Acupuncture.2C_moxibustion.2C_and_auriculotherapy">Acupuncture, moxibustion, and auriculotherapy</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupunture" class="mw-redirect" title="Acupunture">Acupunture</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acupuncture1-1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Acupuncture1-1.jpg/200px-Acupuncture1-1.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="210" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acupuncture1-1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Needles being inserted into a patient's skin.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Dose_of_Moxa.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/A_Dose_of_Moxa.jpg/200px-A_Dose_of_Moxa.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="184" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Dose_of_Moxa.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Moxibustion</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibuki_moxa_set.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ibuki_moxa_set.jpg/200px-Ibuki_moxa_set.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibuki_moxa_set.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Traditional moxibustion set from Ibuki (Japan)</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kyutoshin.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kyutoshin.JPG/300px-Kyutoshin.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="300" height="225" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kyutoshin.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Acupuncture and Moxibustion after Cupping</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gua_Sha.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gua_Sha.jpg/240px-Gua_Sha.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="240" height="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gua_Sha.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Gua Sha</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuina5.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Tuina5.jpg/240px-Tuina5.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="240" height="167" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuina5.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Tui na treatment</div> </div> </div> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a> is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine">alternative medicine</a> that treats patients by insertion and manipulation of needles in the body. Its proponents variously claim that it relieves <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain">pain</a>, treats <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility">infertility</a>, treats <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease">disease</a>, prevents disease, promotes general <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health">health</a>, or can be used for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic">therapeutic</a> purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorlands_193-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Dorlands-193"><span>[</span>194<span>]</span></a></sup> Acupuncture typically incorporates traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as an integral part of its practice and theory. The term “acupuncture” is sometimes used to refer to insertion of needles at points other than traditional ones, or to applying an electric current to needles in acupuncture points.<sup id="cite_ref-Pe.C3.B1as2010_194-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Pe.C3.B1as2010-194"><span>[</span>195<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robertson2006_195-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Robertson2006-195"><span>[</span>196<span>]</span></a></sup> Acupuncture dates back to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times, with written records from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_century_BCE" title="2nd century BCE" class="mw-redirect">second century BCE</a>. Different variations of acupuncture are practiced and taught throughout the world.</p> <p>Acupuncture is often accompanied by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxibustion">moxibustion</a>, which involves burning <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugwort">mugwort</a> on or near the skin at an acupuncture point.<sup id="cite_ref-MAT_196-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-MAT-196"><span>[</span>197<span>]</span></a></sup> There are three methods of moxibustion: Direct scarring, direct non-scarring, and indirect moxibustion. Direct scarring moxibustion places a small cone of mugwort on the skin at an acupuncture point and burns it until the skin blisters, which then scars after it heals.<sup id="cite_ref-MAT_196-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-MAT-196"><span>[</span>197<span>]</span></a></sup> Direct non-scarring moxibustion removes the burning mugwort before the skin burns enough to scar, unless the burning mugwort is left on the skin too long.<sup id="cite_ref-MAT_196-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-MAT-196"><span>[</span>197<span>]</span></a></sup> Indirect moxibustion holds a cigar made of mugwort near the acupuncture point to heat the skin, or holds it on an acupuncture needle inserted in the skin to heat the needle.<sup id="cite_ref-MAT_196-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-MAT-196"><span>[</span>197<span>]</span></a></sup> The Chinese character for acupuncture means "acupuncture-moxibustion".</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriculotherapy">Auriculotherapy</a> (耳灼疗法/耳燭療法) applies acupuncture or moxibustion to the ear. It is believed that a part of the ear (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auricle">auricle</a>) is a microsystem with the entire body represented on it.</p> <p>The effectiveness of acupuncture beyond the placebo effect is not well established.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17265547_197-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-pmid17265547-197"><span>[</span>198<span>]</span></a></sup> A systematic review found that acupuncture is no more effective than a nonpenetrating sham treatment for treating post operative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea">nausea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15266478_198-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-pmid15266478-198"><span>[</span>199<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17723973_199-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-pmid17723973-199"><span>[</span>200<span>]</span></a></sup> A 2008 meta analysis pooling studies without placebos with those that had them concluded that combining acupuncture with conventional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility_treatment" title="Infertility treatment" class="mw-redirect">infertility treatments</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVF" class="mw-redirect" title="IVF">IVF</a> improves the success rates of such medical interventions, but did not conclude that acupuncture was more effective than a sham treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18258932_200-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-pmid18258932-200"><span>[</span>201<span>]</span></a></sup> There is conflicting evidence that it can treat chronic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_back_pain">low back pain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15674876_201-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-pmid15674876-201"><span>[</span>202<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15838072_202-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-pmid15838072-202"><span>[</span>203<span>]</span></a></sup> and moderate evidence of efficacy for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck">neck</a> pain<sup id="cite_ref-Trinh_K_203-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Trinh_K-203"><span>[</span>204<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-204"><span>[</span>205<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache">headache</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-205"><span>[</span>206<span>]</span></a></sup> For most other conditions<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-206"><span>[</span>207<span>]</span></a></sup> reviewers have found either a lack of efficacy (e.g., help in quitting smoking<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-207"><span>[</span>208<span>]</span></a></sup>) or have concluded that there is insufficient evidence to determine if acupuncture is effective (e.g., treating shoulder pain<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-208"><span>[</span>209<span>]</span></a></sup>). While little is known about the mechanisms by which acupuncture may act, a review published in an alternative medicine journal of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> research suggests that specific acupuncture points have distinct effects on cerebral activity in specific areas that are not otherwise predictable anatomically.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16136210_209-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-pmid16136210-209"><span>[</span>210<span>]</span></a></sup> The website <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a> mentions that TCM has been the subject of criticism as having unproven efficacy and an unsound scientific basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Quackwatch_210-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Quackwatch-210"><span>[</span>211<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The evidence for acupuncture's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">effectiveness</a> for anything but the relief of some types of pain and nausea has not been established.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst_2006-02_211-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ernst_2006-02-211"><span>[</span>212<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro_212-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Shapiro-212"><span>[</span>213<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-213"><span>[</span>214<span>]</span></a></sup> Systematic reviews have concluded that acupuncture is no more effective than nonpenetrating stimulation of one point to reduce some types of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea">nausea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15266478_198-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-pmid15266478-198"><span>[</span>199<span>]</span></a></sup> Evidence for the treatment of other conditions is equivocal.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17265547_197-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-pmid17265547-197"><span>[</span>198<span>]</span></a></sup> Although evidence exists for a very small and short-lived effect on some types of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain">pain</a>, several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_journal" title="Review journal">review articles</a> discussing the effectiveness of acupuncture have concluded it is possible to explain as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Placebo effect">placebo effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst_2006-02_211-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Ernst_2006-02-211"><span>[</span>212<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madsen2009_214-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Madsen2009-214"><span>[</span>215<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication_bias">Publication bias</a> is a significant concern when evaluating the literature. Reports from the US <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine">National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a> In America (NCCAM), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association">American Medical Association</a> (AMA) and various US government reports have studied and commented on the efficacy of acupuncture. There is general agreement that acupuncture is safe when administered by well-trained practitioners using sterile needles.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH-1997consensus_215-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-NIH-1997consensus-215"><span>[</span>216<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCCAM2006-Acupuncture_216-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-NCCAM2006-Acupuncture-216"><span>[</span>217<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12801494_217-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-pmid12801494-217"><span>[</span>218<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) has compiled a list of disorders for which acupuncture might have an effect; adverse reactions to chemotherapy and radiation, induction of labor, sciatica, dysmenorrhea, depression, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, and low back pain.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-218"><span>[</span>219<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Cupping">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cupping">Cupping</span></h3> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_cupping" title="Fire cupping">Cupping</a> (拔罐) is a type of Chinese massage, consisting of placing several glass "cups" (open spheres) on the body. A match is lit and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup against the skin. As the air in the cup is heated, it expands, and after placing in the skin, cools, creating lower pressure inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to the skin via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction">suction</a>. When combined with massage oil, the cups can be slid around the back, offering "reverse-pressure massage".===</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Die-da or Tieh Ta">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Die-da_or_Tieh_Ta"><i>Die-da</i> or <i>Tieh Ta</i></span></h3> <p><i>Die-da</i> or <i>Tieh Ta</i> (跌打) is usually practiced by martial artists who know aspects of Chinese medicine that apply to the treatment of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma" title="Physical trauma" class="mw-redirect">trauma</a> and injuries such as bone fractures, sprains, and bruises. Some of these specialists may also use or recommend other disciplines of Chinese medical therapies (or Western medicine in modern times) if serious injury is involved. Such practice of bone-setting (整骨) is not common in the West.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Gua Sha">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Gua_Sha">Gua Sha</span></h3> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gua_Sha">Gua Sha</a> (“to lift up for cholera”, or “to scrape for cholera”) is abrading the skin with pieces of smooth jade, bone, animal tusks or horns or smooth stones; until red spots then bruising cover the area to which it is done. It is believed that this treatment is for almost any ailment including cholera. The red spots and bruising take 3 to 10 days to heal. It is believed that most people can tolerate the pain of treatment, but there is often some soreness in the area that has been treated.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-219"><span>[</span>220<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-220"><span>[</span>221<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-221"><span>[</span>222<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-222"><span>[</span>223<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Physical Qigong exercises">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Physical_Qigong_exercises">Physical Qigong exercises</span></h3> <p>Physical Qigong exercises such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_chi_chuan">Tai chi chuan</a> (Taijiquan 太极拳/太極拳), Standing Meditation (站樁功), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga">Yoga</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocade_BaDuanJin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brocade BaDuanJin (page does not exist)">Brocade BaDuanJin</a> exercises (八段锦/八段錦) and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts">Chinese martial arts</a>.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Breathing and meditation exercise">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Breathing_and_meditation_exercise">Breathing and meditation exercise</span></h3> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qigong">Qigong</a> (气功/氣功) and related breathing and meditation exercise.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Massage">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Massage">Massage</span></h3> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tui_na">Tui na</a> (推拿) massage: a form of massage akin to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Acupressure">acupressure</a> (from which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiatsu">shiatsu</a> evolved). Oriental massage is typically administered with the patient fully clothed, without the application of grease or oils. Choreography often involves thumb presses, rubbing, percussion, and stretches.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Fengshui aesthetics and Chinese astrology">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Fengshui_aesthetics_and_Chinese_astrology">Fengshui aesthetics and Chinese astrology</span></h3> <p>TCM doctors may also incorporate beliefs about the alignment of buildings with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">astrological</a> bodies such as the sun (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengshui" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengshui">Fengshui</a> aesthetics, 风水/風水), or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">astrological beliefs about the year, month, date, and hour of birth</a>. Astrological considerations such planting a plant on the solstice or in the correct location (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Di_Dao_Yao_Cai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Di Dao Yao Cai (page does not exist)">Di Dao Yao Cai</a>) are believed to be important as to a medicine's effectiveness or toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-YTHF_223-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-YTHF-223"><span>[</span>224<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IOA_224-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-IOA-224"><span>[</span>225<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazi">Bazi</a>, 八字) are the four components believed under TCM to create a person's destiny or fate. The four components within the moment of birth are the year, the month, the day, and the hour, and are used alongside fortune telling practices such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z%C7%90_w%C4%93i_d%C3%B2u_sh%C3%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zǐ wēi dòu shù (page does not exist)">Zǐ wēi dòu shù</a> within the realm of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Astrology">Chinese Astrology</a> as part of diagnosing patients or considerations about medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-Matuk2006_23-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Matuk2006-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YTHF_223-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-YTHF-223"><span>[</span>224<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AACS_225-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-AACS-225"><span>[</span>226<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mann_226-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Mann-226"><span>[</span>227<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TorT_227-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-TorT-227"><span>[</span>228<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acupuncture_chart_300px.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Acupuncture_chart_300px.jpg/200px-Acupuncture_chart_300px.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="372" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acupuncture_chart_300px.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Acupuncture chart from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> (c. 1368-1644)</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compendium_of_Materia_Medica.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Compendium_of_Materia_Medica.gif/200px-Compendium_of_Materia_Medica.gif" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="117" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compendium_of_Materia_Medica.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The Compendium of Materia Medica is a pharmaceutical text written by Li Shizhen (1518-1593 AD) during the Ming Dynasty of China. This edition was published in 1593.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hua_t08.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hua_t08.jpg/200px-Hua_t08.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="267" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hua_t08.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Acupuncture chart from Hua Shou (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340s</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>). This image from <i>Shi si jing fa hui (Expression of the Fourteen Meridians).</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo">Tokyo</a> : Suharaya Heisuke kanko, Kyoho gan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1716">1716</a>).</div> </div> </div> <p>The practice of acupuncture probably dates back to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone age">stone age</a>, as suggested by findings of ancient stone needles.<sup id="cite_ref-Chiu.2C_M_1993_p._2_228-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Chiu.2C_M_1993_p._2-228"><span>[</span>229<span>]</span></a></sup> Also, hieroglyphs and pictographs documenting acupuncture and moxibustion have been found which are dating back to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynasty">Shang Dynasty</a> (1600-1100 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Robson.2C_T_2004_pp._90_229-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Robson.2C_T_2004_pp._90-229"><span>[</span>230<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>When acupuncture (and herbal medicine) became integrated into an embracing medical theory system is difficult to judge.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> TCM theory is, however, inextricably intertwined with the principles of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought#School_of_Yin-yang" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Yinyangism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_230-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-ReferenceB-230"><span>[</span>231<span>]</span></a></sup> which was represented for the first time by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zou_Yan" title="Zou Yan">Zōu Yǎn</a> (340 - 260 BC)).<sup id="cite_ref-Zou_Yan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Zou_Yan-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The earliest and most fundamental composition identified in TCM is the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangdi_Neijing" title="Huangdi Neijing">Huăngdì Neìjīng</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-cultural-china.com_231-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-cultural-china.com-231"><span>[</span>232<span>]</span></a></sup> (黄帝内经, <i>Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon</i>), probably dating back to the second century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-232"><span>[</span>233<span>]</span></a></sup> According to legend, it was composed by the mythical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a> (said to have lived 2697 - 2597 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-233"><span>[</span>234<span>]</span></a></sup> as a result of a dialogue with his ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-cultural-china.com_231-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-cultural-china.com-231"><span>[</span>232<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Mythical origin was also claimed regarding the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennong_Ben_Cao_Jing" title="Shennong Ben Cao Jing">Shénnóng Běn Cǎo Jīng</a></i> (神农本草经, <i>Shennong's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="Materia Medica">Materia Medica</a></i>) - it traditionally was attributed to the legendary emperor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shénnóng</a> (神农, lit. "Divine Farmer"), said to have lived around 2800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Shennong_.E7.A5.9E.E5.86.9C_234-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Shennong_.E7.A5.9E.E5.86.9C-234"><span>[</span>235<span>]</span></a></sup> The original text has been lost, however, there are extant translations.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-235"><span>[</span>236<span>]</span></a></sup> The true date of origin is believed to fall into the late Western Han dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-Shennong_.E7.A5.9E.E5.86.9C_234-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-Shennong_.E7.A5.9E.E5.86.9C-234"><span>[</span>235<span>]</span></a></sup> (i.e., the first century BC).</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: Zhang Zhongjing, &quot;Saint of Medicine&quot;">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Zhang_Zhongjing.2C_.22Saint_of_Medicine.22">Zhang Zhongjing, "Saint of Medicine"</span></h3> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div>"In terms of the high level, medicine is for curing nobles of their diseases; in terms of the lower level, it is used to save the poor from disaster; in terms of the middle level, it is used to keep us in good health" - "Saint in Medicine".<sup id="cite_ref-ZZ_236-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-ZZ-236"><span>[</span>237<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </blockquote> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zhongjing">Zhang Zhongjing</a> born in the later <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han Dynasty">Eastern Han Dynasty</a>, when a pestilence devastated the lives of two thirds of the people in just one decade, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Febrile_disease&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Febrile disease (page does not exist)">febrile diseases</a> caused by cold accounted for 70% of this. Zhang Zhongjing wrote the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Febrile_Diseases_Caused_by_Cold_and_Miscellaneous_Diseases&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Treatise on Febrile Diseases Caused by Cold and Miscellaneous Diseases (page does not exist)">Treatise on Febrile Diseases Caused by Cold and Miscellaneous Diseases</a>, which established the principle of treatment according to syndrome differentiation, had numerous new and old medicinal recipes, and established the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Six_channels&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Six channels (page does not exist)">six channels</a> basis of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZ_236-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-ZZ-236"><span>[</span>237<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: Hua Tuo, “Originator of Surgery”">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hua_Tuo.2C_.E2.80.9COriginator_of_Surgery.E2.80.9D">Hua Tuo, “Originator of Surgery”</span></h3> <p>Hua Tuo (145 - 208A.D.), a physician of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han Dynasty">Eastern Han Dynasty</a>, lived in the same period as physician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zhongjing">Zhang Zhongjing</a>. The original of his book <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhongzang_Classic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongzang Classic (page does not exist)">Zhongzang Classic</a> is lost, but partially reconstructed by people in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a>. It contains <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth-to-mouth_resuscitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation">mouth-to-mouth resuscitation</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_anesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="General anesthetic">general anesthetic</a> for surgery made with alcohol and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mafeisan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mafeisan (page does not exist)">mafeisan</a>, and the “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Mimic-Animal_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Five Mimic-Animal Exercise (page does not exist)">Five Mimic-Animal Exercise</a>”, and original surgical procedures using a cutting bone. Mafeisan, is a powder most likely made of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stramonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramonium">Stramonium</a> flowers, which was believed to make patients numb after being washed down with alcohol, and then surgery could be carried out. He traveled to numerous places, collecting formulas, medicines, and knowledge from the local people.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-237"><span>[</span>238<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: Sun Simiao, “King of Medicine”[239]">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sun_Simiao.2C_.E2.80.9CKing_of_Medicine.E2.80.9D.5B239.5D">Sun Simiao, “King of Medicine”<sup id="cite_ref-SSKM_238-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-SSKM-238"><span>[</span>239<span>]</span></a></sup></span></h3> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div><i>"A Great Physician should not pay attention to status, wealth or age; neither should he question whether the particular person is attractive or unattractive, whether he is an enemy or friend, whether he is a Chinese or a foreigner, or finally, whether he is uneducated or educated. He should meet everyone on equal grounds. He should always act as if he were thinking of his close relatives."</i><sup id="cite_ref-EMPHE_239-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-EMPHE-239"><span>[</span>240<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </blockquote> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Simiao">Sun Simiao</a> (581—682 A.D.) is called and “the father of Chinese medical theory”.<sup id="cite_ref-SSKM_238-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-SSKM-238"><span>[</span>239<span>]</span></a></sup> He wrote the earliest Chinese encyclopedia of medicine, the highly influential <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essential_Recipes_worth_a_Thousand_Gold&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Essential Recipes worth a Thousand Gold (page does not exist)">Essential Recipes worth a Thousand Gold</a> (Qianjin Yaofang) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Supplement_to_Recipes_worth_a_Thousand_Gold&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A Supplement to Recipes worth a Thousand Gold (page does not exist)">A Supplement to Recipes worth a Thousand Gold</a> (Qianjin Yifang).<sup id="cite_ref-SSKM_238-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-SSKM-238"><span>[</span>239<span>]</span></a></sup> The two books summarized pre <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Dynasty">Tang Dynasty</a> medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-SSKM_238-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-SSKM-238"><span>[</span>239<span>]</span></a></sup> The former listed about 5300 recipes for medicines, and the latter 2000. He put forth the “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirteen_measures_to_keep_health&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirteen measures to keep health (page does not exist)">Thirteen measures to keep health</a>”, which claimed that actions like touching hair, rolling eyes, walking, and shaking heads improved health.<sup id="cite_ref-SSKM_238-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-SSKM-238"><span>[</span>239<span>]</span></a></sup> He also claimed that medicine should be ethical, and wrote "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Absolute_Sincerity_of_Great_Physicians&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="On the Absolute Sincerity of Great Physicians (page does not exist)">On the Absolute Sincerity of Great Physicians</a>" called "the Chinese <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a>," and which is still required reading for Chinese physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-SSKM_238-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-SSKM-238"><span>[</span>239<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EMPHE_239-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-EMPHE-239"><span>[</span>240<span>]</span></a></sup> It is said that Sun lived 141 years.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: Tao Hongjing">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Tao_Hongjing">Tao Hongjing</span></h3> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tao_Hongjing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tao Hongjing (page does not exist)">Tao Hongjing</a> depicted five shen herbs (renshen, danshen, xuanshen, kushen, and shashen; ginseng, salvia, scrophularia, sophora, and adenophora, respectively).</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section: Zhang Jiegu (Zhang Yuansu)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Zhang_Jiegu_.28Zhang_Yuansu.29">Zhang Jiegu (Zhang Yuansu)</span></h3> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div><i>"The method of appropriately using herbs in accordance with the symptom and sign presentation of the patient entails determining substances with the correct qi, taste, yin and yang, and thick and thin properties as well as the pathogenic factor involved and the meridian it has entered."</i> - Zhang Jiegu</div> </blockquote> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jiegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Jiegu">Zhang Jiegu</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yuansu">Zhang Yuansu</a>; ca. 1151-1234) integrated medicinal materials into the five element framework (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxing">Wuxing</a>) with both the five <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shen_herbs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen herbs (page does not exist)">shen herbs</a> (spirit herbs) framework and qi meridians. He helped to more clearly define the association of the "tastes" of medicinals and their believed effect on the different organ systems. Zhang asserted that herbs entered into and influenced the meridians. The culmination of Zhang's work was the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bag_of_Pearls&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bag of Pearls (page does not exist)">Bag of Pearls</a></i> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhenzhu_Nang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhenzhu Nang (page does not exist)">Zhenzhu Nang</a></i>, zhenzhu = pearl; nan = bag).</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section: Li Shizhen">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Li_Shizhen">Li Shizhen</span></h3> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shizhen">Li Shizhen</a> (1518-1593 AD) wrote the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compendium_of_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="Compendium of Materia Medica">Compendium of Materia Medica</a></i> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencao_Gangmu">Bencao Gangmu</a></i>), one of the most frequently mentioned books in the Chinese herbal tradition, rivaled only by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghan_Lun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanghan Lun (page does not exist)">Shanghan Lun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LSSWE_240-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-LSSWE-240"><span>[</span>241<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-241"><span>[</span>242<span>]</span></a></sup> It was published in 1596 A.D., three years after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-LSSWE_240-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-LSSWE-240"><span>[</span>241<span>]</span></a></sup> It describes the use of human body parts and excreta in medicines, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis">penis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen">semen</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual blood">menstrual blood</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_hair">pubic hair</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine">urine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta">placenta</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingernails" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingernails">fingernails</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Bones">bones</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandruff">dandruff</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earwax">earwax</a>, impurities on the teeth, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces">feces</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine">urine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat">sweat</a>, and organs.<sup id="cite_ref-HDCM_141-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-HDCM-141"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HBNC_142-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-HBNC-142"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBSH_143-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-CBSH-143"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LSSWE_240-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-LSSWE-240"><span>[</span>241<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:15em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a> (206 BC–AD 220) to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> Period (220 - 280 AD)</td> <td> <ul><li><i>Zhenjiu zhenzhong jing</i> (针灸枕中经/鍼灸枕中經) (<i>Classic of Moxibustion and Acupuncture Preserved in a Pillow</i>) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Tuo" title="Hua Tuo">Huà Tuó</a> (华佗/華佗, approx. 140-208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> Hua's physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure diseases like headaches, dizziness, worms, fever, cough, etc.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jin_Dynasty_%28265_-_420%29&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jin Dynasty (265 - 420) (page does not exist)">Jin Dynasty (265 - 420)</a></td> <td> <ul><li><i>Zhēnjiǔ jiǎyǐ jīng</i> (针灸甲乙经/鍼灸甲乙經) (<i>Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion</i>) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangfu_Mi" title="Huangfu Mi">Huángfǔ Mì</a> (皇甫谧/皇甫謐), ca. 265 AD.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Dynasty">Tang Dynasty</a> (618 - 907)</td> <td> <ul><li><i>Beiji qianjin yaofang</i> (备急千金要方/備急千金要方) (<i>Emergency Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold</i>) and <i>Qianjin yifang</i> (千金翼方) (<i>Supplement to the Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold</i>) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Simiao" title="Sun Simiao">Sūn Sīmiǎo</a> (孙思邈/孫思邈).<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>|</li><li><i>Waitai miyao</i> (外台秘要/外臺秘要) (<i>Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library</i>) by Wang Tao (王焘/王燾).<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li><li>Wáng Bìng (王冰) claimed to have located a copy of the originals of the <i>Neijing Suwen</i>, which he expanded and edited substantially. This work was revisited by an imperial commission during the 11th century AD<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Emperor Gaozong</a> (r. 649–683) of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Dynasty">Tang Dynasty</a> (618–907) commissioned the scholarly compilation of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_medica">materia medica</a> in 657 that documented 833 medicinal substances taken from stones, minerals, metals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-242"><span>[</span>243<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>In his <i>Bencao Tujing</i> (<i>Illustrated Materia Medica</i>), the scholar-official <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song">Su Song</a> (1020–1101) systematically categorized herbs and minerals according to their pharmaceutical uses.<sup id="cite_ref-wu_5_243-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-wu_5-243"><span>[</span>244<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a> (960 – 1279):</td> <td> <ul><li><i>Tóngrén shūxué zhēnjiǔ tújīng</i> (铜人腧穴针灸图经/銅人腧穴鍼灸圖經) (<i>Illustrated Manual for the Practice of Acupuncture and Moxibustion with the Help of a Bronze Figure bearing Acupuncture Points</i>) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wang_Weiyi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Weiyi (page does not exist)">Wáng Wéiyī</a> (王惟一).<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a> (1271–1368)</td> <td> <ul><li><i>Shísì jīng fāhuī</i> (十四经发挥/十四經發揮) (<i>Exposition of the Fourteen Channels</i>) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hua_Shou&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hua Shou (page does not exist)">Huá Shòu</a> (滑寿/滑壽).<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li><li>There was also influence from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Islamic medicine</a> from Central Asia and from the sea. This school is known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> medicine.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> (1368–1644, considered the golden age of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture">acupuncture</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxibustion">moxibustion</a>, spawning many famous doctors and books)<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br /></td> <td> <ul><li><i>Zhēnjiǔ dàquan</i> (针灸大全/鍼灸大全) (<i>A Complete Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion</i>) by Xu Feng (徐凤/徐鳳).<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li><li><i>Zhēnjiǔ jùyīng fāhuī</i> (针灸聚英发挥/鍼灸聚英發揮) (<i>An Exemplary Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and their Essentials</i>) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gao_Wu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Wu (page does not exist)">Gāo Wǔ</a> (高武).<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li><li><i>Zhēnjiǔ dàchéng</i> (针灸大成/鍼灸大成) (<i>Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion</i>) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yang_Jizhou&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Jizhou (page does not exist)">Yáng Jìzhōu</a> (杨继洲/楊繼洲), completed in 1601.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencao_Gangmu" title="Bencao Gangmu">Běncǎo gāngmù</a></i> (本草纲目/本草綱目) (<i>Outlined Materia Medica</i>) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shizhen" title="Li Shizhen">Lǐ Shízhēn</a> (李时珍/李時珍), the most complete and comprehensive pre-modern herbal book (completed in 1578)<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li><li><i>Wenyi lun</i> (温疫论/溫疫論), by Wu Youxing (吴有性) (1642).<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> (1644–1912):<br /></td> <td> <ul><li><i>Yizong jinjian</i> (医宗金鉴/醫宗金鑒) (<i>Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition</i>) compiled by Wu Qian (吴谦/吴謙) under imperial commission.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li><li><i>Zhenjiu fengyuan</i> (针灸逢源/鍼灸逢源) (<i>The Source of Acupuncture and Moxibustion</i>) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_Xuechuan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xuechuan (page does not exist)">Li Xuechuan</a> (李学川/李學川).<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li><li><i>Wenre lun</i> (温热论/溫熱論), by Ye Tianshi (叶天士/業天士).</li><li><i>Wenbing tiaobian</i> (温病条辨/溫病條辨) (<i>Systematized Differentiation of Febrile Disorders</i>) compiled by Wu Jutong (吴鞠通) in 1798.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Text document with page number icon.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg/40px-Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg.png" width="40" height="40" /></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style="">This article cites its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">sources</a> but <b>does not provide <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#How_to_cite_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page references</a></b>. You can <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">help to improve it</a> by introducing citations that are more precise.</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section: New age">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="New_age">New age</span></h3> <p>TCM was more broadly introduced to an America with recent the rise of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_age" class="mw-redirect" title="New age">New age</a> fascination with magical thinking regarding the mystical concepts of TCM, was introduced to an America infatuated with New Age magical thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-DPA_244-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-DPA-244"><span>[</span>245<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TEBA_245-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#cite_note-TEBA-245"><span>[</span>246<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China-outline.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/China-outline.png/32px-China-outline.png" width="32" height="26" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></b></i></td> </tr> <tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rod_of_asclepius.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rod_of_asclepius.png/11px-Rod_of_asclepius.png" width="11" height="28" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Chinese_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Chinese Medicine">American Journal of Chinese Medicine</a></i> (journal)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_classic_herbal_formula">Chinese classic herbal formula</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_food_therapy">Chinese food therapy</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_patent_medicine">Chinese patent medicine</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_branches_of_alternative_medicine">List of branches of alternative medicine</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_mushrooms">Medicinal mushrooms</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacognosy">Pharmacognosy</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Public health in the People's Republic of China">Public health in the People's Republic of China</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine">Traditional Korean medicine</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine">Traditional Mongolian medicine</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine">Traditional Tibetan medicine</a></li></ul><br /></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3314871502839413317-7010860481981704276?l=drugpedia.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>saeedhussainnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3314871502839413317.post-90999506321651437122011-04-28T03:48:00.000-07:002011-04-28T03:49:40.780-07:00<b> Traditional Chinese Medicine has been around for thousands of years. Although the first recorded history of TCM dates back over 2,000 years, it is believed that the origins of TCM goes back more than 5,000 years. Bear in mind that, apart from the recorded documents much of what is said about the origins of Chinese medicine is more legend than history.<br />According to the legend the origins of traditional Chinese medicine is traced back to the to three legendary emperors/mythical rulers: Fu Xi, Shen Nong, and Huang Di. Historians believe that Shen Nong and Fu Xi were early tribal leaders. Fu Xi was a cultural hero who developed the trigrams of Yi Jing (I Ching) or Book of Changes. Ancient texts record that "Fu Xi drew the eight trigrams, and created nine needles." Shen Nong, the legendary emporar who lived 5000 years ago is hailed as the "Divine Cultivator"/"Divine Farmer" by the Chinese people because he is attributed as the founder of herbal medicine, and taught people how to farm. In order to determine the nature of different herbal medicines, Shen Nong sampled various kinds of plants, ingesting them himself for to test and analyse their individual effects. According to the ancient texts, Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs including 70 toxic substances in a single day, in order to get rid of people's pain form illness. As there were no written records, it is said that the discoveries of Shen Nong was passed down verbally from generation to generation.<br />The first written documentation on traditional Chinese medicine is the Hung-Di Nei-Jing (Yellow Emperor's Cannon of Internal Medicine). Hung-Di Nei-Jing is the oldest medical textbook in the world, different opinions date the book back to between 800 BCE and 200 BCE. Yellow Emperor's Cannon of Internal Medicine lays a primary foundation for the theories of Chinese medicine which extensively summarizes and systematizes the previous experience of treatment and theories of medicine, such as the meridian theory, as well as many other issues, including, physiology, pathology, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, acupuncture and moxibustion, tuina, etc.<br />Finding The Pulse<br />Some of the most specific discoveries of Chinese medicine were made during the Zhou dynasty, including the theoretical foundations of yin and yang, the five elements, the pathogenic factors of external environment as a cause of disease and further understanding of the meridians of acupuncture. The basic theories of acupuncture were established and stone needles became obsolete, being replaced by metal needles. Bian Que, a famous doctor/physician at the time of the spring and Autumn Warring States Period, was the first man in the world to use the pulse for diagnosis.</b> <p><b>Bian Que brings Prince "back" to life<br /> One of the most well know story is talks about how Bian Que succeeded in curing the crown prince of the Kingdom of Guo of his fatal illness. According to the legend, the prince of Gua was very ill and as he lay dying, the court physician could do nothing to help. One version of this story has it that Bian Que was summoned to treat the prince, however when he arrived at the palace he found the crown prince being prepared for the funeral. Despite the funeral arrangements, Bian Que requested examining the prince. His examination confirmed his suspicion that the prince had actually gone into a deep coma. He gave the prince acupuncture treatment to retrieve him and then applied compresses soaked in a decoction of herbs. Within hours of Bian Que's arrival, the prince was able to get his feet. The prince was then prescribed boiled herbal compounds to be taken for twenty days, which helped him to fully recover.<br /> Soon the rumors spread that Bian Que was a miracle worker who could bring the dead back to life. Bian Que said "No, I can't bring the dead back to life, the prince wasn't dead. I only treated his illness, and that is what brought him around."<br /> Two Famous Doctors<br /> Zhang Zhongjing (150-219 CE), the most famous of China's ancient herbal doctors lived during the Eastern Han dynasty was known for his remarkable medical skill. He wrote a book a medical masterpiece entitled Shang Han Lun or "Treatise on Febrile Diseases". To date Zhang Zhongjing's theory and prescriptions are still of great practical value. It is still used as a standard reference work for traditional Chinese medicine, including moxibustion, needling and herbal medicine.<br /> One of the most famous physicians/surgeon of traditional Chinese medicine was Hua To (110-207 CE) also lived during the Eastern Han period. Hua To was the first of the Taoist physicians, the most famous doctor in ancient China who developed/invented the use of anaesthesia called Mafei San, and furthered the limited Chinese knowledge of anatomy. He was the first person who used narcotic drugs in the world and his skill in this field was ahead of the west about 1600-1700 years. He also developed Five Animal Play, exercises that mimics the movements and postures of five animals: tiger, deer, bear, ape, and bird. According to Hu Tao the motion is fundamentally important to health, and by mimicking the movements of different animals; all parts of the body were exercised and stretched, thereby activating the flow of fluid and energy in the body.<br /> Two Important Books<br /> During the Sui Dynasty, Chao Yuanfang, together with others compiled a book called the Zhubing Yuanhou Zonglun (The General Treatise on the Causes and Symptoms of Disease), which consisted of 50 volumes, divided into 67 categories, and list 1,700 syndromes. This book had a strong influence on the later development of medicine, expounding on the pathology, signs and symptoms of various diseases, surgery, gynaecology, and paediatrics.<br /> In 752 CE, Wang Tao another well-known scholar of Chinese medicine wrote a book called Waitai Miyao(The Medical Secrets of An Official). This book consisted of 40 volumes, 1,104 categories and discusses over 6,000 herbal prescriptions.<br /> The Tang Connection<br /> The Tang dynasty is often referred to as the second golden age of China. It was during the Tang dynasty when China's first school of medicine was established. Sun Simiao (581-682 CE), the most famous physician of the Tang Dynasty devoted his whole life to Chinese medicine starting from a very young age. It is said that by the age of 15 he not only had a thorough understanding of Taoism and the classics of many of its sects, but also had also deeply researched Buddhist classics. He had mastered all the Chinese classics by the age 20 and became a well-known medical practitioner and was crowned "King of Herbal Medicine".<br /> The Materia Medica<br /> During the Yuan Dynasty, China was controlled by Genghis Khan's vast Mongolian empire. During the period of Mongolian empire Chinese medicine became increasingly specialized and the understanding of acupuncture was further detailed. In 1368 BCE, the Chinese regained control of their land under the Ming dynasty. Li Shizhen, (1518-1593 CE) was one of the greatest physician and pharmacologist of the Ming dynasty. His major contribution to medicine was his forty-year work, which is found in his epic book Ben Cao Gang-mu (The Compendium of Materia Medica). The text contains 1,900,000 Chinese characters and details more than 1,800 drugs, including 1,100 illustrations and 11,000 prescriptions, as well as record of 1,094 herbs, detailing their type, form, flavor, nature and application in treatment. This book was one of the greatest contributions to the development of pharmacology both in China and throughout the world. Materia Medica has been translated into many different languages and remains as the premier reference work for herbal medicine.<br /> 1900's of TCM<br /> The Revolution of 1911 saw the beginning of the People's Republic of China. During this time China developed a desire to modernize, and its people began to turn to Western medicine. The government of the time proposed the abolishment of traditional Chinese medicine and took measures to stop its development and use. In 1928 the Communist party of China was formed, under the leadership of Chairman Mao and in 1949 the Communist party came to power. As there was very little or no medical services at the time, the new communist government encouraged the use of traditional Chinese remedies because they were cheap, acceptable to the Chinese, and used the skills already available in the countryside. Finally the traditional Chinese medicine regained popularity by the early to mid 1950s and the use of acupuncture and herbal medicine became standard medicine in many hospitals. Many hospital opened clinics to provide, teach and investigate the traditional methods, the main research institutes being in Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing.<br /> Unfortunately, Chinese medicine, as a reflection of traditional Chinese culture, underwent a period of extreme hardship during the Cultural Revolution. From 1966 to 1976, traditional doctors were purged from the schools, hospitals and clinics, and many of the old practitioners were jailed or killed. In 1979, the National Association for Chinese Medicine was established, and many of the traditional texts were edited and republished.<br /> In 1980, the World Health Organization released a list of 43 types of pathologies, which can be effectively treated with acupuncture. Today the traditional Chinese medicine with its many branches has spread far and wide, gaining popularity in all parts of the world.</b></p> <p><strong>******************************************</strong><b><br /> <a href="http://www.dpbolvw.net/click-3636187-10535838"><span style="font-family:Book Antiqua, Trebuchet MS;">ANSI / American National Standard Institute</span></a></b></p> <p><a href="http://www.purifymind.com/CH.htm"><img src="http://www.purifymind.com/Chine/aart41.jpg" width="328" border="0" height="118" /></a></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3314871502839413317-9099950632165143712?l=drugpedia.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>saeedhussainnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3314871502839413317.post-40672384001171900452011-02-20T01:45:00.000-08:002011-02-20T01:46:24.626-08:00<table class="contentpaneopen"><tbody><tr><td class="contentheading" width="100%"><br /></td><td class="buttonheading" width="100%" align="right"><a href="http://wikibin.org/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=21033" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" title="PDF"><br /></a> </td> <td class="buttonheading" width="100%" align="right"> <a href="http://wikibin.org/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=21033&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=27" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="Print"> <img src="http://wikibin.org/templates/weblogic_blue/images/printButton.png" alt="Print" name="Print" align="middle" border="0" /></a> </td> <td class="buttonheading" width="100%" align="right"> <a href="http://wikibin.org/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=emailform&amp;id=21033&amp;itemid=27" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="E-mail"> <img src="http://wikibin.org/templates/weblogic_blue/images/emailButton.png" alt="E-mail" name="E-mail" align="middle" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> This term is derived from three words-<br /><br />ELECTRO comes from the electro bio-energy content extracted from plants and the way that energy is extracted and made into remedies. The force of electro bio-energy connects itself to any disturbance within the body and expels it from the system. It thereby restores the organic tissues and nervous system to their proper balanced state of health.<br /><br />HOMOEO refers to the equilibrium or balance between the blood and lymphatic systems and works towards “Homoeostasis” which is the correct physical and chemical consistency of the body’s cells. This ensures that each and every cell interrelates as it should so that the body functions at its best.<br /><br />PATHY basically means a system of treatment. In short, Electro Homeopathy is the system of natural medicines, made exclusively from plant extracts, by which a healthy balance is achieved and maintained throughout the whole body.<br /><br />Electro Homeopathy has four fundamental laws<br /><br />LAW OF POLARITY<br />CONSTITUTION &amp; TEMPERAMENT<br />LAW OF DOSOLOGY<br />SELECTION OF REMEDY<br /><br /><br />Who Discovered Electro Homoeopathy?<br />The practice of Electro Homoeopathy grew with the Italian Noble, Count Cesar Mattei who founded true Electro Homoeopathy in the latter part of the 19th century in Bologna, Italy. Being strongly influenced by the philosopher Paulo Costa, Count Mattei was motivated to devote his time and wealth to the service of humanity. He built on the works of Indian metallurgists and Ayurvedic /Siddha practitioners , also on Paracelsus and Balroot but he focused on preparing remedies extracted exclusively from plants. He called these remedies Electro Homoeopathic medicines. He called these remedies electro homoeopathic medicines on own his experiments of 30 years which show in his plants extract as vegetable electricity.<br /><br />Later on this system was further developed by Mattei adherent Theodore Krauss who have given the manufacturing method known as Krauss method (also mentioned in German Pharmacopoeia HAB) for making electro homeopathic remedies. He also added 22 more remedies in Mattei rest of remedies which was 38. This system became Electro complex homeopathy in his life time worldwide. After death of Count Mattei the progress and development was stopped during the First World War, during this period some so called perfectionists like Dr.A.Sauter in Geneva,Switzerland, and Father Augustus Muller in Mangalore, South India, took charge and established the so called true pharmacy of Electrohomeopathy , just as Minerva came out armed from the head of Jupiter( quote from Maria Venturoli Mattei).<br /><br />Electro Homeopathic Remedies —How Do They Work?<br />They work on the principle that diseased organisms are far more sensitive than healthy organisms. Much like the area of skin around a cut or a graze is more sore and tender than its surrounding areas. A remedy is never given to just remove the symptoms from the body, but to work wholly on the disease and remove its cause. It therefore works on the body as a whole<br />Each remedy is derived from the active enzymes of several plants. When you take this complex remedy it completely covers and controls the body. It will then move through the body via the blood and lymphatic systems and target only those areas that require it. Once the diseased part is sufficiently saturated with the remedy, it stops absorbing it. When all the parts of the body have been healed and a healthy balance restored, the medicine itself is no longer absorbed. Therefore, there are absolutely no risks of over-dosing, side effects or drug dependency.<br />Electro Homoeopathic remedies purify the lymph and blood systems and can find and destroy the gravest of disorders. They can also help prevent disease by keeping the body pure and giving it a healthy balance.<br /><br />Principle of Electro Homoeopathy<br />In sick person, the body fluids, lymph &amp; blood become polluted and all the parts become abnormal state, which is why the disease develops in the body. Electro Homoeopathy is system of dynamic form of healing force extracted from the plants . It preserves and controls the organism Lymph and Blood, consisting of atoms, molecules, cell tissues, organs etc, by purifying them and returning them back to the normal state. The sick person recovers speedily and completely. <br />Why was the name given Electro Homoeopathy?<br />The name Electro Homoeopathy comes from the Electro content extracted from the plants, and the way this energy is extracted and made into the remedies. Electro Homoeopathy is a name given by the founder, on the basis that those remedies are class of energy conforming to the law of similar and they posses a power and promptness and speed of action of the remedy which allows them to be compared to electricity. Electro is not related to the electricity current and not using any type of electric machine in the treatments. <br />Theodore Krauss was the disciple of Count Mattei. Mattei made only 38 remedies in his life time but Krauss added more 22 remedies in his life time. After death of Count Mattei the progress and development was stopped in First World War, so therefore Krauss took charge and established the pharmacy of Electro Homeopathy in Germany which is why this pathy also known as spagyric method of Krauss.<br />The proving of remedies<br />Electro Homoeopathic remedies work on the principle that diseased organisms are far more sensitive than healthy organisms and change the condition of the bodily fluids. A remedy should not be given to remove the symptoms of the body but to work on the cause of the disease. <br />What is the difference between Electro Homoeopathy &amp; other therapies?<br />Electro Homoeopathy is a system of medicine that draws all of its remedies from non-poisonous plants. It does not use sources from the mineral or animal kingdom. The remedies work with nature and help the healing force in the shape of Electro element. <br />Who can use Electro Homeopathic remedies?<br />Electro Homoeopathy can be used by anyone of any age group who suffers from acute to chronic illnesses, for example, depression, arthritis, migraine, ulcers or ME. <br />What are the side effects?<br />These remedies are all extracted from non-poisonous plants and do not create drug addiction or side effects. All remedies use the physical properties and not the chemical ones and are therefore ideal to combat the human body disorders without any side effects. <br />How do Electro Homeopathic remedies work?<br />The manner of preparing these compound remedies is the method of “cohobation”. This method uses plant extracts in the higher energies (vital force). This is a very potent invisible force, abstract in the natural form and transforms every constitution of the living being as an ‘Od Force’ (vital force). Each remedy is derived from the active enzymes of several plants. When the complex remedy is administered to the patient it completely covers and controls the body. The remedy will then move through the body acting on the parts that require it. As soon as the diseased part is sufficiently saturated with the remedy, it stops to absorb it. When all the parts of the body have been healed, the medicine itself is no longer absorbed. <br />What does the treatment involve?<br />This will depend on the individual &amp; their personal health fitness. The holistic approach to illness needs to be given time &amp; many ailments will not disappear overnight. Therefore a course of treatments is recommended to get the best result. Electro Homoeopathy treatment is always based on the Law of Temperament. The patient may be lymphatic, sanguine, mixed ,bilious or of a nervous temperament. The person belonging to a specific temperament will show symptoms based on that constitution. In order to learn the constitution of the patient, a full background into their history any inherited family health matters is required. A remedy is then given accordingly. <br /><br />What to expect when, visiting a practitioner?<br />The patient will be asked questions relating to their medical history and perhaps that of their immediate family. Lifestyle questions, such as stress levels, diet; exercise regimes, and sleep patterns will be asked to ensure that a holistic approach is taken. Their own expectations of the treatment and what they hope the therapy will achieve will also be discussed. It is necessary for the practitioner to know that the patient comes under which temperament then the treatment can be assessed. The disease or condition they are displaying will also indicate what medicines should be taken. The patient will need to take the medicines, which come in the form of pill and liquid. You will be asked to attend another consultation when your prescription may change.<br /><br /><br />ABOUT SPAGYRIC THERAPY<br />Nagarjuna an Indian metallurgist and alchemist, born at Fort Daihak near Somnath in Gujarat in 931. He wrote the very first treatise Rasaratnakara that deals with alchemical preparations.<br />Spagyric medicine is ancient natural medicine the has undergone 500 years of trial, research and practice. Paracelsus the famous Swiss physician, Philosopher and alchemist is regarded as the founder of spagyric , but it was almost forgotten until the 19th century.<br />Dating from thee times of Paracelsus, the terms spagyric and spagyrism are derived from the Greek verbs "span (to seperate) and ageirein (to unify). They designate the art of creating medications of enhanced efficacy by performing the two fundamental alchemical operations. the valuable portions are first separated from those which are impure processed and subsequently reunited to yield an improved medicinal form (HELMSTADTER 1990). The source materials of spagyric medicines are exclusively from botanical origin. Depending upon the manufacturing process, differentiation is made among spagyrism according to Krauss.<br />Around the turn of the last century the Italian herbalist Count Cesare Mattei (1809-1896) rediscovered the lost spagyric art and founded the system known as electro homoeopathy in Italy. Mattei borrowed from Paracelsus the process of preparing the vegetable substances by means of a more or less complicated mode of fermentation, called cohobation, and also the final combination of he number of ingredients with similar or supplementary effects to form a complex medicinal unity. Mattei has kept the formulation secretly until the age of 78 and he gave all his work to his adopted son in laws Mario Ventrouli Mattei in 1887. After Mattei death in 1896 one of his disciple Theodor Krauss (1864-1924) has established his system in more advanced way. When the real supply of these remedies stopped in 1917 due to World war 1, Krauss reinvented the method in more scientific process known as Krauss method. Today the pharmaceutical company ISO, GmbH Germany is continuing his tradition via JSO Komplex heilwisen. First of all, these preparations enjoy success and worldwide appreciation because of their carefully chosen ingredient. Based on his key research with the founder of system count Mattei, Krauss added a few more combination remedies to the system, characterized by their broad therapeutic spectrum, they are highly acclaimed spinal cord of the system by experts from all over the world specially Germany since 1920. <br />SPAGYRIC THERAPY ACCORDING TO KRAUSS<br />The central pillar exists in spagyrism according to Krauss: phytotherapy, within the present context, phytotherapy is to be understood as the traditional art of healing with plants. The spagyric medications are administered in either their 4th or 10th decimal potency. The clinical propertise of the active medicinal substances within each preparation help determine the selection of the appropriate medication. In the Krauss' school of spagyric therapy, pathological processes are not viewed simply as isolated instances of dysfunction in individual organs or within the mind. Therefore, the objective is to detect and treat the course of disease in the interactions with all the body processes.<br />In order to adequately cover the multi-level interconnections of an illness, this type of therapy employs complex medications consisting of a combination of numerous single-ingredient spagyric remedies. Selection of the appropriate spagyric agents to be included within a complex is based on the physiological and anatomical relationships existing among individual body functions, organs, and organ groups. The single-ingredient agents are combined into such a manner to influence a group of organs closely associated with one another in either a physiological or anatomic-histological manner. Contained within one Electro homeopathic medication are single-ingredient agents with similar fields of actions as well as those that influence the pathological condition from a variety of aspects.<br />The constituents are combined to target the illness synergistically while mutually supplementing their effects. Thus they selectively direct their effects within the diseased organism at multiple levels, each in correspondence with its individual rang of action, thereby collectively creating stimulation of the body's intrinsic defensive and regenerative powers (Bruch 1939, Krauss 1989).<br />In the book "The Hidden Roots: A History of Homeopathy in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe" by Prof.. Dr. Robert Jütte, Director of the Institute of History of Medicine Foundation Robert Bosch in Germany is written that Dr Alexander Rosendorff (1871 - 1963) became "acquainted with Electrohomeopathy" when he met Cesare Mattei. The sign which he had installed in 1920 outside his practice in Tallinn, Waldstraße, however, said: 'Homeopath'.<br />In the book "The essay on history of Homeopathy in Latvia" Marina Afanasieva, Medical Dept., Vice-President of LMHI of Latvia, published by the "Liga Medicorum Homoeopathica Internationalis," France has written a significant part on Mr.. Feliks Lukin ( 1875-1934) that he learned Elettromeopatia from Dr.Rosendorf in Tallinn (Estonia) and practiced in France but with the name Homeopathy.<br />In Farmacopia Omeopatica Germany, published by the federal government, the formulas are described as delll'Elettromeopatia formulas Omeopatiche.<br />Bärbel Tschech (Dip. biologist) in her article : A Discussion of Complex Homeopathic Remedies ,translation by Siegfried Letzel, published in Hpathy Ezine - July, 2007 Zimpel and Mattei have been described as homeopaths.<br /><br /><br />DESCRIPTION OF THE REMEDIES<br />*Scrofoloso remedies, act on the scrofulous disorders and the metabolism.<br />*Linfatico remedies act on both systems of lymph, and blood especially the white corpuscles.<br />*Angioiticos remedies, which act on the blood vessels the arteries and the veins, and the circulatory system.<br />*Canceroso remedies, act on cellular construction and the chronic degeneration of Lymph.<br />*Febrifugo remedies, act on the fevers and all types of intermittent diseases, as well as disorders of the spleen and liver.<br />*Vermifugo remedies act on the intestines, but also on the other parts of our organism, and then also destroy all worms.<br />*Pettorale remedies, act on the respiratory system and bronchial tubes.<br />*Venereo remedies have a general constitutional effect.<br /><br />Electricities or Fluids<br />*Red Electricity is an arterial and nerve stimulant. This increases the vitality of the body.<br />*Blue Electricity has tonic effects on the circulatory system, when used in a diluted form it calms the organs which is over stimulated.<br />*Green Electricity promotes venous system and helps with chronic diseases and arthritic conditions.<br />*Yellow Electricity relaxes muscular or nervous tension, diminishing organic function and excitement.<br />*White Electricity exerts a gentle, calming influence over the nervous system.<br />*APP water for skin keeps the skin fresh and smooth as cosmetic effect.<br /><br />Advantages of Electro Homeopathic Remedies - <br />These remedies are all extracted from plants, having energetic properties. They produce energy in the body; its action is gentle and sometimes instantaneous, but more generally gradual of such a nature that the results can only be perceived after some minutes.<br />They correct the deficiency or excess to natural proportions and recover the disease speedily, gently, completely and permanently.<br />They do not simply cure the particular disease for which they are prescribed, but at the same time good to the constitution of the patients who uses them.<br />The true remedy gives the extra something, which the body needs. They are non-poisonous and do not create drug disease or leave any bad effects on the body.<br />It is not extremely facilitated and simplified in this way, in the most complicated illness as well, but also it is more economical of what is so important in the present period of necessity.<br />It is especially adapted for universal use as household remedies. No mother dread her child’s life has been endangered because she has taken some of the medicines in error, nor need she ever be haunted by the fear, so often experienced by those who give bromides and other hurtful drugs that may turn out to be worse than the disease.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3314871502839413317-4067238400117190045?l=drugpedia.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>saeedhussainnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3314871502839413317.post-60981902417470887482011-02-20T01:41:00.001-08:002011-02-20T01:42:20.352-08:00<p><i>(The most commonly-used abbreviation is followed by its traditional and chemical names.)</i> </p> <p>1. KALI PHOS (Kali Phosphoricum; Potassium Phosphate)<br /> a. mental/emotional symptoms predominate<br /> b. Feel as if "I'm too tired to rest."<br /> c. Anxiety, brain fatigue, irritability<br /> c. temper-tantrums, sleeplessness, dizziness,<br /> nervous asthma<br /> d. easily bleeding gums </p> <p>2. KALI MUR (Kali Muriaticum; Potassium Chloride)<br /> a. white mucus, swollen glands <br /> b. white or gray coated tongue, glandular swellings<br /> a. white mucus, swollen glands <br /> c. discharge of white, thick mucus from nose or eyes <br /> d. indigestion from rich food </p> <p>3. KALI SULPH (Kali Sulphuricum; Potassium Sulphate)<br /> a. yellow mucus, later stages of illness, congestion and cough worse in evening<br /> b. dandruff, yellow coated tongue, yellow crusts on eyelids<br /> c. gas, poor digestion </p> <p>4. CALC PHOS (Calcarea Phosphorica; Calcium Phosphate)<br /> a. teething remedy<br /> b. upset stomach, post-nasal drip, chronic cold feet, poor dentition </p> <p>5. CALC SULPH (Calcarea Sulphurica; Calcium Sulphate)<br /> a. sores that heal poorly, herpes blisters<br /> b. pain in forehead, vertigo, pimples on the face </p> <p>6. CALC FLUOR (Calcarea Fluorica; Calcium Fluoride)<br /> a. poor tooth enamel, cracks in palms of hands, lips<br /> b. hemorrhoids </p> <p>7. NAT MUR (Natrum Muriate; Sodium Chloride)<br /> a. dryness of body openings, clear thin mucus<br /> b. effects of excess overheating; itching of hair at nape of neck<br /> c. early stage of common colds with clear, running discharge<br /> d. insect bites (applied locally) </p> <p>8. NAT SULPH (Natrum Sulphuricum; Sodium Sulphate)<br /> a. rarely needed<br /> b. green stools and other excess bile symptoms<br /> c. Sensitive scalp, greenish-gray or greenish-brown coating on tongue, influenza </p> <p>9. NAT PHOS (Natrum Phosphoricum; Sodium Phosphate)<br /> a. simple morning sickness; acid rising in throat<br /> b. Headache on crown of head, eyelids glued together in morning,<br /> c. grinding of teeth in sleep; pain and sour risings from stomach after eating </p> <p>10. MAG PHOS (Magnesia Phosphorica; Magnesium Phosphate)<br /> a. Muscle spasms, cramps and menstrual cramps, if always better with heat<br /> b. hiccups; trembling of hands <br /> c. teeth sensitive to cold </p> <p>11. FERRUM PHOS ( Ferrum Phosphate; Ferrum Phosphate)<br /> a. first stages of inflammation, redness, swelling, early fever<br /> b. congestive headache, earache, sore throat<br /> c. loss of voice from overuse </p> <p>12. SILICEA (Silica)<br /> a. white pus forming conditions, boils ("homeopathic lancet"), stony-hard glands<br /> b. Sty in eye area, tonsillitis, brittle nails </p> <p><br /><br />Although I think that J. B. Chapman's <i>DR. SCHUESSLER'S BIOCHEMISTRY</i> (London: New Era, 1973) is the easiest and best book on the subject, <i>The Biochemic Handbook</i> (St. Louis: Formur) is another readily available paperback guide to specific uses of the Schuessler cell salts. Either this book or Dr. Chapman's will serve you well. Homeopathic pharmacies, suppliers and websites may carry them, along with other standard works on homeopathy. </p> <p><b>MORE ON THE SCHUESSLER CELL SALTS</b> </p><p> Twelve cell salts were recognized and categorized by a German biochemist William H. Schuessler in 1873. He found that there are certain essential minerals that the body requires, in proper balance, in all of its cells. An imbalance or a lack of any of these minerals may lead to disease in the tissues so lacking. Providing the missing minerals to the tissues corrects that imbalance, and so eliminates the illness. This seemingly simple system of cure has great practical application in health. Using only a small number of harmless combinations (or "salts") of these minerals, it is possible for any individual to treat him- or herself simply and effectively for a great variety of everyday minor ailments. It is significant that such cell-salt treatment is replenishing something the body lacks and wants, as opposed to merely suppressing illness with drugs and other chemicals. Drugs do not provide missing cell nutrients, but drugs do add harmful chemicals to the body which ultimately compound the problem. The Schuessler cell salts may be seen as special raw materials for the body, which you need more of if you run out of what you normally have. </p> <p>Salt is any type of readily dissolvable mineral combination, not just table salt. Many people take dietary iron supplements, but few would chew on a rusty nail for an iron source. The same is true with the Schuessler minerals: the potassium, silicon, iron, phosphate or other substance must be in a special potentiation to be most useable to the body. Most Schuessler cell salts are in a homeopathic potency, which uses minute quantities of a substance with great effect. The potentiation process multiplies the essential energy of a substance while at the same time decreasing the dosage amount. The subtlety, harmlessness and effectiveness of such preparations has been clinically proven for well over two hundred years, since the beginnings of homeopathic treatment in the 18th century. </p> Schuessler cell salts (also called "biochemic cell salts") are a non-prescription item and are available directly from any homeopathic pharmacy. Because of the medical profession's long-standing opposition to homeopathic remedies, it is not certain that your local drug store will even know what "cell salts" are, let alone stock them. Most health food stores do carry them. Schuessler remedies are commonly in a "6X" homeopathic potency. The "X" refers to the Roman numeral 10; 6x is one part in ten, repeated six times. The cost of the mineral tablets is very moderate, usually $5 to $8 per bottle of 250 or more. Addresses of homeopathic pharmacists may be obtained by using any an internet search engine.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3314871502839413317-6098190241747088748?l=drugpedia.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>saeedhussainnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3314871502839413317.post-68143670313994106952011-02-20T01:34:00.000-08:002011-02-20T01:39:04.711-08:00<p>Biochemic tissue salts, or mineral salts, are <b>vital</b> to the health and function of our organs, tissues and cells. Our bodies produce these salts and they are also found in minute quantities in the food we eat. However, with our foods being bombarded with pollution and too many pesticides and fertilisers, our intake of these <b>essential</b> minerals is going down rapidly. </p><p> </p><p> It was Dr. Wilhelm Heinrich Schuessler who discovered in the late nineteenth century how important these tissue salts were. During his study of homeopathy, he concluded that we all need twelve basic mineral salts for <b>optimum</b> maintenance and performance. I want to tell you about the symptoms that show up when you are deficient in biochemic tissue salts and how they can help you achieve maximum <b>health</b> and balance. </p><p><img src="http://www.moonslipper.com/images/rocksalt2.jpg" /> </p><h3>The Twelve Biochemic Tissue Salts</h3> <b>CALCIUM FLUORIDE:</b> Essential for strong teeth and bones. Also responsible for healthy elasticity of skin and fibres.<br /><b>Signs of Deficiency:</b> Constipation, dry flaky skin, red/brown marking in the corners of the eyes, stretch marks.<br /> <p> <b>CALCIUM PHOSPHATE:</b> Major cell restorer mineral, aids quick recovery, essential for growth in children because of its importance to young developing tissues.<br /><b>Signs of Deficiency:</b> Poor appetite and digestion, pale and gaunt appearance, palpitations, sadness and poor healing and recuperation. Any kind of bone disease, also numbness in any of the limbs.<br /></p><p> </p><p><b>CALCIUM SULPHATE:</b> Superb blood purifier. This mineral purifies the entire body and removes waste products from the blood.<br /><b>Signs of Deficiency:</b> Skin problems, abscesses and ulcers. Also excess catarrh and mucus and neuralgia.<br /></p><p> </p><p><b>FERRUM PHOSPHATE:</b> Excellent carrier of oxygen to every cell throughout the body. Also a natural anti-inflammatory and top immune-system support. Take at the first sign of a cold. Also, together with Kali Phosphate, it is very good for feverish conditions.<br /><b>Signs of Deficiency:</b> Heavy menstruation, tiredness and shortness of breath, dark smudges under the eyes, any anaemic deficiencies, and haemorrhoids.<br /></p><p> </p><p><b>KALI MURIATICUM:</b> Blood detoxifier and conditioner, crucial for blood clotting. Excellent for all excess catarrh and mucous conditions, particularly those in the ears.<br /><b>Signs of Deficiency:</b> Pale, white face, nausea (good for morning sickness), blisters or swellings of glands.<br /></p><p> </p><p><b>KALI PHOSPHATE:</b> It is a part of of the bodily tissues and fluids, especially of the nervous system, muscles and the brain. This biochemic tissue salt keeps nerves healthy and nourished and is required for the oxidation process.<br /><b>Signs of Deficiency:</b> Signs would include feeling mentally and physically exhausted, sleep-deprived, anxious and stressed. Any illness relating to the nervous system.<br /></p><p> </p><p><b>KALI SULPHATE:</b>